How Much Does It Cost to Fly Air Force One?

How Much Does It Cost To Fly Air Force One? Fly Air Force One costs taxpayers a significant amount, with estimates often exceeding $177,843 per flight hour, according to flyermedia.net. This expense covers not only fuel and maintenance but also security, staffing, and communications. Understanding these costs helps illuminate the financial implications of presidential travel and air operations, promoting greater transparency and accountability.

1. What Factors Determine the Cost of Flying Air Force One?

The cost of operating Air Force One is determined by a multitude of factors. These include fuel consumption, maintenance, crew salaries, security measures, communication systems, and the extensive logistical support required for presidential travel, according to a report by the Congressional Research Service. All these elements contribute to the hefty price tag associated with each flight hour. Let’s break down these elements:

Fuel Costs: A significant portion of the expense comes from the enormous amount of fuel consumed by the Boeing 747-based aircraft.
Maintenance: Air Force One requires constant and thorough maintenance to ensure it is always in peak operating condition.
Crew Salaries: The highly trained crew, including pilots, engineers, and support staff, are compensated for their expertise and dedication.
Security: Comprehensive security measures, involving personnel and advanced technology, are essential for protecting the President.
Communication Systems: State-of-the-art communication systems enable the President to stay connected at all times, adding to the operational costs.
Logistical Support: The logistics of presidential travel—including ground transportation, accommodations, and advance teams—further amplify the costs.

2. What is the Estimated Cost Per Flight Hour for Air Force One?

The estimated cost per flight hour for Air Force One can vary, but official figures often cite amounts exceeding $177,843, according to a 2022 Air Force statement referenced by Chairwoman Virginia Foxx. This figure encompasses all operational expenses, including fuel, maintenance, crew, and support services.

To put this into perspective, consider the following breakdown:

Expense Category	Estimated Cost per Flight Hour
Fuel	$50,000+
Maintenance	$40,000+
Crew Salaries	$20,000+
Security	$40,000+
Communications	$10,000+
Logistical Support	Variable

These figures highlight the significant financial resources required to keep Air Force One operational.

3. How Does Air Force One’s Cost Compare to Other Aircraft?

Air Force One’s operating costs are substantially higher than those of commercial airliners and even most private jets. This disparity is due to the specialized equipment, security measures, and staffing requirements unique to the presidential aircraft.

Commercial Airliners: A typical commercial flight might cost an airline between $8,000 to $35,000 per hour, depending on the size and type of aircraft, according to industry reports.
Private Jets: While private jets can be expensive to operate, with costs ranging from $3,000 to $9,000 per hour, they still pale in comparison to Air Force One.
Military Aircraft: Some military aircraft, like bombers or large transport planes, can have high operating costs, but Air Force One’s unique mission and security needs place it in a category of its own.

4. What are the Security Costs Associated with Flying Air Force One?

Security is a paramount concern when operating Air Force One, leading to significant expenses. These costs include:

Advance Teams: Before any presidential trip, security teams scout locations to identify and mitigate potential threats.
Personnel: Highly trained security personnel accompany the President at all times, both on the ground and in the air.
Technology: Advanced surveillance, communication, and defense systems are integrated into the aircraft.
Coordination: Close coordination with local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies ensures comprehensive security coverage.

These security measures are essential to protect the President, but they also contribute significantly to the overall cost.

5. How Does the Age of Air Force One Impact Operating Costs?

The current Air Force One aircraft, which are based on the Boeing 747-200B, have been in service since the 1990s. As these aircraft age, maintenance costs tend to increase. Older aircraft often require more frequent and extensive repairs, leading to higher expenses for parts, labor, and downtime.

The Air Force is currently developing new Air Force One aircraft based on the Boeing 747-8, which are expected to offer improved efficiency and reduced operating costs.

6. What Technologies Contribute to the High Cost of Air Force One?

Several advanced technologies contribute to the high cost of Air Force One, according to various sources. These technologies ensure the aircraft can perform its mission effectively and securely:

Advanced Communication Systems: Air Force One is equipped with state-of-the-art communication systems, allowing the President to stay connected with world leaders and domestic advisors at all times. This includes secure voice and data communication capabilities.
Electronic Warfare Systems: The aircraft features electronic warfare systems designed to protect it from missile attacks and other threats. These systems can detect, disrupt, and neutralize incoming threats.
Self-Defense Systems: Air Force One is equipped with various self-defense systems, including countermeasures to protect against missile attacks.
Navigation Systems: Advanced navigation systems ensure the aircraft can operate safely and efficiently in all types of weather conditions and environments.

7. How Do Presidential Trips Affect the Total Cost of Air Force One Operations?

Presidential trips can significantly impact the total cost of Air Force One operations. The length and frequency of these trips, as well as the destinations visited, all play a role in determining expenses.

Longer Trips: Longer trips require more fuel, maintenance, and crew time, resulting in higher costs.
Frequent Trips: Frequent travel increases the wear and tear on the aircraft, leading to more frequent maintenance and higher overall expenses.
International Travel: International travel involves additional security measures, logistical support, and coordination with foreign governments, all of which add to the cost.

8. What Measures Are in Place to Control Air Force One Operating Costs?

Efforts are continually made to control Air Force One operating costs. These measures include:

Budget Oversight: Congress provides oversight of the Air Force One budget, ensuring funds are used efficiently and effectively.
Maintenance Programs: Regular maintenance programs help prevent costly repairs and extend the lifespan of the aircraft.
Fuel Efficiency Measures: The Air Force explores ways to improve fuel efficiency, such as optimizing flight routes and using more efficient engines.
Technology Upgrades: Upgrading to newer, more efficient technologies can help reduce operating costs over the long term.

9. How Transparent is the Reporting of Air Force One Operating Costs?

Transparency in the reporting of Air Force One operating costs is an ongoing issue. While some information is publicly available, detailed breakdowns of expenses are often limited due to security concerns. However, organizations like the Congressional Research Service provide valuable insights into the costs associated with presidential travel.

Improved transparency would allow taxpayers to better understand how their money is being spent and hold government officials accountable.

10. How Does the Cost of Air Force One Affect Taxpayers?

The cost of Air Force One is ultimately borne by taxpayers. While the expense is a small portion of the overall federal budget, it is still a significant amount of money. Taxpayers have a vested interest in ensuring these funds are used responsibly and efficiently.

Budget Allocation: Funds for Air Force One operations come from the federal budget, which is funded by taxpayer dollars.
Opportunity Costs: Money spent on Air Force One could potentially be used for other government programs or initiatives.
Accountability: Taxpayers have the right to demand accountability and transparency in how their money is spent on presidential travel.

11. What is the Historical Context of Air Force One Costs?

The costs associated with Air Force One have evolved significantly over time. Early presidential aircraft were relatively simple and inexpensive to operate. However, as technology advanced and security concerns increased, the costs began to rise.

Early Aircraft: Early presidential aircraft were often repurposed military planes or commercial airliners.
Jet Age: The introduction of jet aircraft in the mid-20th century brought increased speed and range, but also higher operating costs.
Modern Era: The current Air Force One aircraft, introduced in the 1990s, represent the pinnacle of presidential air travel, with corresponding high costs.

12. How Do Fuel Prices Influence the Operating Costs of Air Force One?

Fuel prices have a direct and significant impact on the operating costs of Air Force One. As a large aircraft, it consumes a substantial amount of jet fuel, making it highly sensitive to fluctuations in fuel prices.

Price Volatility: Fluctuations in global oil prices can cause significant changes in the cost of jet fuel, affecting the overall operating budget of Air Force One.
Fuel Efficiency: Efforts to improve fuel efficiency can help mitigate the impact of rising fuel prices, but they cannot eliminate it entirely.
Budget Planning: The Air Force must carefully plan its budget to account for potential changes in fuel prices.

13. What Role Does Maintenance Play in the Overall Expenses of Air Force One?

Maintenance is a critical component of the overall expenses associated with Air Force One. The aircraft requires regular and thorough maintenance to ensure its safety, reliability, and operational readiness.

Scheduled Maintenance: Air Force One undergoes scheduled maintenance checks at regular intervals to identify and address potential problems before they become serious.
Unscheduled Maintenance: Unscheduled maintenance may be required to address unexpected repairs or malfunctions.
Parts and Labor: Maintenance expenses include the cost of replacement parts, as well as the labor costs of skilled technicians and engineers.

14. How Do Crew Sizes and Salaries Impact the Cost of Flying Air Force One?

The crew size and salaries contribute significantly to the operational expenses of Air Force One. The aircraft requires a highly trained and specialized crew to operate safely and effectively.

Pilots: Air Force One is typically flown by a team of highly experienced pilots who are responsible for the safe operation of the aircraft.
Engineers: Flight engineers monitor the aircraft’s systems and ensure they are functioning properly.
Support Staff: A team of support staff, including communications specialists, security personnel, and medical personnel, are also on board to provide assistance to the President and other passengers.
Salaries and Benefits: The salaries and benefits of the crew members represent a significant portion of the overall cost of operating Air Force One.

15. What are the Environmental Costs Associated with Air Force One Flights?

In addition to the financial costs, there are environmental costs associated with Air Force One flights. The aircraft emits greenhouse gases and other pollutants that contribute to climate change and air pollution.

Carbon Emissions: Air Force One flights generate significant carbon emissions, contributing to the overall carbon footprint of the U.S. government.
Air Pollution: The aircraft also emits other pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides and particulate matter, which can contribute to air pollution and health problems.
Mitigation Efforts: Efforts to improve fuel efficiency and use alternative fuels can help reduce the environmental impact of Air Force One flights.

16. How Does the Cost of Air Force One Compare to Other Heads of State Aircraft?

Comparing the cost of Air Force One to other heads of state aircraft can provide valuable context. While specific figures may vary, Air Force One is generally considered one of the most expensive aircraft of its kind.

United Kingdom: The United Kingdom uses smaller, more fuel-efficient aircraft for its head of state, resulting in lower operating costs.
Germany: Germany’s head of state aircraft are also less expensive to operate than Air Force One.
Russia: Russia’s head of state aircraft is believed to be comparable in cost to Air Force One, but specific figures are not publicly available.

17. What is the Process for Upgrading or Replacing Air Force One?

The process for upgrading or replacing Air Force One is complex and involves multiple stakeholders. The decision to upgrade or replace the aircraft is typically made by the President, in consultation with the Department of Defense and Congress.

Requirements Definition: The first step is to define the requirements for the new aircraft, including its size, range, capabilities, and security features.
Contracting: The Department of Defense then issues a contract to a manufacturer to design and build the new aircraft.
Testing and Evaluation: The new aircraft undergoes extensive testing and evaluation to ensure it meets all requirements.
Deployment: Once the aircraft has been certified, it is deployed for use by the President.

18. How Can Technology Reduce the Operational Costs of Air Force One?

Technological advancements offer opportunities to reduce the operational costs of Air Force One. These include:

Fuel Efficiency: Developing more fuel-efficient engines and aerodynamic designs can reduce fuel consumption and lower operating costs.
Maintenance: Predictive maintenance technologies can help identify potential problems early, reducing the need for costly repairs.
Automation: Automating certain tasks can reduce the size of the crew and lower labor costs.
Communication: Upgrading to more efficient communication systems can reduce energy consumption and lower operating costs.

19. What is the Future of Air Force One and its Associated Costs?

The future of Air Force One is likely to involve continued efforts to control costs and improve efficiency. The next generation of presidential aircraft is expected to incorporate advanced technologies and design features that will help reduce operating expenses.

New Aircraft: The Air Force is currently developing new Air Force One aircraft based on the Boeing 747-8, which are expected to offer improved efficiency and reduced operating costs.
Sustainability: There is growing interest in exploring more sustainable options for presidential air travel, such as using alternative fuels or developing electric aircraft.
Transparency: Increased transparency in the reporting of Air Force One operating costs will help ensure accountability and responsible use of taxpayer dollars.

20. How do International Relations Influence Air Force One’s Usage and Costs?

International relations significantly influence Air Force One’s usage and associated costs. As a symbol of American power and diplomacy, Air Force One is frequently used for international travel to meet with foreign leaders, attend summits, and conduct diplomatic missions.

Diplomatic Missions: The frequency and duration of these diplomatic missions directly impact the operating costs of Air Force One, including fuel, maintenance, crew, and security.
Geopolitical Climate: The geopolitical climate also plays a role, as heightened tensions or security concerns may necessitate increased security measures and more frequent travel.
Trade Negotiations: Trade negotiations and economic summits often require the President to travel internationally, further contributing to Air Force One’s usage and costs.

21. What is the Impact of Public Perception on Air Force One Expenditures?

Public perception significantly impacts how Air Force One expenditures are viewed and justified. Given the substantial costs associated with operating the aircraft, there is often scrutiny from the media, taxpayers, and political opponents.

Media Coverage: Media coverage of Air Force One’s usage and costs can shape public opinion, with reports focusing on perceived extravagance or unnecessary travel drawing criticism.
Taxpayer Scrutiny: Taxpayers often question whether the benefits of presidential travel justify the expense, particularly during times of economic hardship.
Political Debate: Air Force One’s costs can become a political issue, with opposition parties using them to criticize the President’s spending habits.

22. How Does Air Force One Contribute to National Security?

Air Force One plays a critical role in national security by providing the President with a secure and reliable means of transportation, communication, and command and control.

Secure Communication: The aircraft is equipped with advanced communication systems that allow the President to stay in contact with military leaders, government officials, and foreign leaders at all times.
Mobile Command Center: Air Force One can serve as a mobile command center in times of crisis, allowing the President to direct military operations and respond to emergencies from anywhere in the world.
Emergency Evacuation: The aircraft can be used to evacuate the President and other key government officials in the event of a national emergency or security threat.

23. What Emergency Preparedness Measures are Built into Air Force One, and How Do They Affect Costs?

Air Force One is equipped with a range of emergency preparedness measures to ensure the safety and security of the President and other passengers. These measures contribute to the overall cost of operating the aircraft.

Medical Facilities: The aircraft has a fully equipped medical facility with a doctor and nurse on board, allowing for immediate medical attention in case of illness or injury.
Defensive Systems: Air Force One is equipped with defensive systems to protect against missile attacks and other threats.
Secure Communication: The aircraft has secure communication systems that allow the President to stay in contact with government officials and military leaders in the event of an emergency.
Self-Sufficiency: Air Force One is designed to be self-sufficient for extended periods, with the ability to provide its own power, water, and food.

24. How Does the Choice of Destinations Impact the Operational Costs of Air Force One?

The choice of destinations significantly impacts the operational costs of Air Force One. Factors such as distance, security requirements, and logistical support all play a role in determining expenses.

Distance: Longer flights require more fuel and crew time, resulting in higher costs.
Security: Destinations with heightened security threats require additional security measures, such as increased personnel and surveillance, which add to the cost.
Logistical Support: Locations with limited infrastructure or logistical support may require additional resources to be brought in, increasing expenses.

25. What Training and Certification Processes are Required for Air Force One Crew Members?

Air Force One crew members undergo extensive training and certification processes to ensure they are qualified to operate and maintain the aircraft safely and effectively.

Pilot Training: Air Force One pilots must have thousands of hours of flight experience and undergo rigorous training in all aspects of aircraft operation.
Maintenance Training: Maintenance personnel must be certified in aircraft maintenance and undergo specialized training on Air Force One systems.
Security Training: Security personnel must be highly trained in security procedures and tactics to protect the President and other passengers.
Ongoing Training: All Air Force One crew members participate in ongoing training to stay up-to-date on the latest procedures and technologies.

26. How is the Air Force One Budget Determined, and Who Approves It?

The Air Force One budget is determined through a complex process involving the Department of Defense, the White House, and Congress.

Budget Request: The Department of Defense prepares a budget request for Air Force One operations, which is submitted to the White House.
OMB Review: The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) reviews the budget request and makes recommendations to the President.
Presidential Approval: The President approves the final budget request, which is then submitted to Congress.
Congressional Approval: Congress reviews the budget request and makes appropriations for Air Force One operations.

27. What Technological Upgrades are Planned for the Next Generation of Air Force One Aircraft?

The next generation of Air Force One aircraft is expected to incorporate numerous technological upgrades to improve performance, efficiency, and security.

Advanced Communication Systems: The new aircraft will have state-of-the-art communication systems that are more secure and reliable.
Electronic Warfare Systems: The new aircraft will feature advanced electronic warfare systems to protect against missile attacks and other threats.
Fuel Efficiency: The new aircraft will be more fuel-efficient, reducing operating costs and environmental impact.
Self-Defense Systems: The new aircraft will be equipped with advanced self-defense systems to protect against a wide range of threats.

28. How Does Air Force One Support the President’s Ability to Respond to International Crises?

Air Force One provides the President with the ability to respond quickly and effectively to international crises.

Rapid Deployment: The aircraft can be deployed to any location in the world within hours, allowing the President to be on the scene quickly in times of crisis.
Secure Communication: Air Force One provides secure communication channels that allow the President to stay in contact with government officials, military leaders, and foreign leaders during a crisis.
Mobile Command Center: The aircraft can serve as a mobile command center, allowing the President to direct military operations and respond to emergencies from anywhere in the world.

29. What Scenarios Might Justify the High Cost of Operating Air Force One?

While the cost of operating Air Force One is substantial, there are scenarios in which the benefits justify the expense.

National Security Crises: In times of national security crises, Air Force One provides the President with a secure and reliable means of transportation, communication, and command and control.
Diplomatic Missions: Air Force One is essential for conducting diplomatic missions and meeting with foreign leaders to promote U.S. interests.
Economic Negotiations: The aircraft is used to transport the President to trade negotiations and economic summits, where important agreements are negotiated.

30. How Might Alternative Transportation Options Impact Presidential Travel Costs?

Exploring alternative transportation options could potentially impact presidential travel costs.

Commercial Airlines: Using commercial airlines for some trips could reduce costs, but would also raise security concerns and logistical challenges.
Smaller Aircraft: Using smaller, more fuel-efficient aircraft for shorter trips could lower operating costs.
Virtual Meetings: Utilizing virtual meeting technology could reduce the need for travel altogether in some cases.

31. How Do Regulations and Compliance Requirements Influence Air Force One’s Operational Expenses?

Air Force One must adhere to stringent regulations and compliance requirements, which significantly influence its operational expenses. These include aviation safety standards, security protocols, environmental regulations, and communication standards.

Aviation Safety: Compliance with FAA regulations ensures the aircraft meets the highest safety standards, requiring regular maintenance, inspections, and upgrades.
Security Protocols: Adhering to security protocols mandated by agencies like the Secret Service necessitates advanced technology, trained personnel, and constant threat assessment.
Environmental Regulations: Compliance with environmental regulations involves using cleaner fuels, reducing emissions, and implementing sustainable practices.
Communication Standards: Meeting communication standards for secure and reliable communication requires sophisticated systems and constant upgrades.

32. What is the Role of Cybersecurity in Air Force One Operations and Its Impact on Costs?

Cybersecurity plays a crucial role in Air Force One operations, with significant implications for its costs. Protecting the aircraft’s communication, navigation, and security systems from cyber threats requires constant vigilance and investment in advanced technology.

Threat Detection: Cybersecurity measures involve advanced threat detection systems to identify and mitigate potential cyberattacks.
Data Encryption: Ensuring secure communication requires robust data encryption and authentication protocols.
Cybersecurity Personnel: Employing cybersecurity experts to monitor and maintain the aircraft’s systems adds to operational costs.
Regular Updates: Regularly updating software and hardware to address vulnerabilities is essential for maintaining cybersecurity.

33. How do Weather Conditions Affect Air Force One’s Flight Schedules and Operating Costs?

Weather conditions can significantly affect Air Force One’s flight schedules and operating costs. Adverse weather, such as storms, fog, or extreme temperatures, can cause delays, cancellations, and diversions, leading to increased expenses.

Delays and Cancellations: Weather-related delays and cancellations disrupt schedules, requiring additional crew time, fuel, and logistical support.
Diversions: Diversions to alternative airports add to fuel consumption and may require additional ground transportation and accommodations.
Maintenance: Extreme weather conditions can also increase maintenance costs due to wear and tear on the aircraft’s systems.
Safety Measures: Implementing additional safety measures to fly in adverse weather, such as enhanced radar and navigation systems, adds to operational costs.

34. What are the Ethical Considerations Related to the Expense of Operating Air Force One?

The expense of operating Air Force One raises ethical considerations regarding the responsible use of taxpayer money and the balance between security, efficiency, and public perception.

Taxpayer Burden: Ensuring that Air Force One operations are cost-effective and that expenses are justified to taxpayers is ethically important.
Transparency: Being transparent about the costs and benefits of presidential travel helps maintain public trust and accountability.
Resource Allocation: Considering whether the resources spent on Air Force One could be better allocated to other pressing needs, such as healthcare or education, is an ethical dilemma.
Public Perception: Managing public perception of Air Force One expenses is essential to avoid criticism and maintain support for presidential travel.

35. How Does Public Access to Information on Air Force One Operations Influence Accountability?

Public access to information on Air Force One operations significantly influences accountability. Transparency allows taxpayers, journalists, and watchdog groups to scrutinize expenses and hold government officials responsible.

Freedom of Information Act: The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) enables the public to request documents and data related to Air Force One operations.
Government Reporting: Government agencies are required to report on certain aspects of Air Force One expenses, providing some level of transparency.
Media Scrutiny: Media outlets play a vital role in investigating and reporting on Air Force One operations, holding government officials accountable.
Public Discourse: Public access to information fosters informed discussions and debates about the costs and benefits of presidential travel.

36. What Cost-Saving Strategies Could Be Implemented Without Compromising Security or Functionality?

Implementing cost-saving strategies without compromising security or functionality requires careful planning and innovation. Potential strategies include:

Negotiating Contracts: Negotiating better contracts with suppliers for fuel, maintenance, and other services.
Improving Fuel Efficiency: Investing in technologies and practices that improve fuel efficiency, such as optimizing flight routes and using alternative fuels.
Streamlining Operations: Streamlining logistical operations to reduce unnecessary expenses.
Teleconferencing: Utilizing teleconferencing and virtual meetings to reduce the need for travel.
Sharing Resources: Sharing resources with other government agencies to reduce duplication and waste.

37. How Do Technological Advancements Impact the Maintenance and Longevity of Air Force One?

Technological advancements play a pivotal role in enhancing the maintenance and extending the longevity of Air Force One. The integration of advanced diagnostics, predictive maintenance techniques, and modern materials significantly contributes to the aircraft’s operational readiness and lifespan.

Advanced Diagnostics: These systems enable real-time monitoring of the aircraft’s health, allowing for early detection of potential issues and minimizing downtime.
Predictive Maintenance: By analyzing historical data and current performance metrics, predictive maintenance anticipates maintenance needs, preventing costly repairs.
Modern Materials: The use of lightweight, durable materials reduces wear and tear on the aircraft, extending its service life and improving fuel efficiency.
Software Updates: Regular software updates ensure that all systems are operating at peak performance, addressing vulnerabilities and enhancing functionality.

38. What Opportunities Exist for Public-Private Partnerships to Support Air Force One Operations?

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) offer potential opportunities to support Air Force One operations by leveraging private sector expertise, innovation, and investment.

Maintenance Services: Partnering with private companies for maintenance services can reduce costs and improve efficiency.
Technology Development: Collaborating with private firms on technology development can accelerate innovation and reduce government spending.
Training Programs: Teaming up with private aviation schools to provide training for Air Force One crew members can enhance skills and reduce training costs.
Logistical Support: Partnering with private logistics companies can improve supply chain management and reduce transportation expenses.

39. How is the Decision Made to Replace Air Force One, and What Factors are Considered?

The decision to replace Air Force One is a complex process involving multiple factors and stakeholders.

Assessment of Current Fleet: The Air Force assesses the condition and capabilities of the existing Air Force One aircraft.
Technological Advances: Consideration is given to technological advances that could enhance the performance, security, and efficiency of a new aircraft.
Budgetary Constraints: Budgetary constraints play a significant role in determining the timing and scope of a replacement program.
National Security Needs: National security needs and the evolving threat landscape are also taken into account.
Presidential and Congressional Input: The President and Congress provide input and ultimately approve the decision to replace Air Force One.

40. What is the Impact of Inflation on Air Force One Operating Costs Over Time?

Inflation has a significant impact on Air Force One operating costs over time. As the general price level rises, the cost of fuel, maintenance, crew salaries, and other expenses also increases.

Fuel Costs: Inflation drives up the price of jet fuel, which is a major component of Air Force One operating expenses.
Maintenance Costs: The cost of aircraft parts and labor increases with inflation, making maintenance more expensive.
Crew Salaries: Inflation erodes the purchasing power of crew salaries, requiring adjustments to keep pace with the rising cost of living.
Overall Impact: The cumulative effect of inflation on these and other expenses can significantly increase Air Force One operating costs over time.

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