Do you ever wonder, How Long Does An Adult Fly Live, especially when they’re buzzing around your home or near aviation facilities? Understanding fly lifespans is crucial for effective pest management in any environment, including those associated with aviation. Flyermedia.net offers a wealth of information on pest control, aviation news, and even career opportunities within the aerospace industry.
1. What Is The Average Lifespan Of An Adult Fly?
The lifespan of an adult fly varies by species, but most live for a relatively short period. Typically, an adult house fly lives for about 28 days, while fruit flies can live a bit longer, around 40 to 50 days. This duration is influenced by factors such as temperature, humidity, and access to food and water. According to research from the University of California, Riverside, warmer temperatures can accelerate the fly life cycle, reducing their lifespan but increasing their reproductive rate.
1.1. How Does Temperature Affect A Fly’s Lifespan?
Temperature plays a significant role in the life cycle of flies. Higher temperatures generally speed up their development, from egg to larva to pupa to adult. While this might sound advantageous for the flies, it often shortens their overall lifespan. Conversely, cooler temperatures slow down their metabolism, extending their life but reducing their activity levels.
1.1.1. Impact Of Warm Temperatures
In warmer conditions, flies can complete their life cycle in a shorter time, sometimes in as little as a week. This rapid development means they also age faster. However, the increased speed in reproduction can lead to larger populations, making pest control more challenging. The increased population, the more concern there is for sanitation in hangars and airplane food storage.
1.1.2. Impact Of Cold Temperatures
Cold temperatures, while prolonging life, also make flies less active. Their movement slows down, reducing their ability to find food and reproduce. This dormancy is a survival mechanism to endure harsh conditions, but it also means they remain a potential nuisance once the weather warms up. They can emerge at any given moment.
1.2. How Does Humidity Affect A Fly’s Lifespan?
Humidity is another crucial environmental factor affecting fly lifespans. Flies thrive in moist environments because their larvae require moisture to develop. High humidity levels support the survival and growth of fly populations, while low humidity can lead to dehydration and reduced lifespan.
1.2.1. High Humidity Conditions
In highly humid conditions, flies are more likely to survive and reproduce successfully. Moisture is essential for egg hatching and larval development, making humid environments ideal breeding grounds. The combination of warmth and humidity can lead to rapid population explosions.
1.2.2. Low Humidity Conditions
Low humidity can be detrimental to flies. Dry air can dehydrate both adult flies and their larvae, reducing their lifespan and reproductive success. In arid conditions, flies often seek out moist environments, such as garbage cans or stagnant water, to survive.
1.3. How Does Access To Food And Water Affect A Fly’s Lifespan?
Access to adequate food and water is fundamental for the survival and longevity of flies. Flies need a constant supply of nutrients to fuel their activities and reproduction. Lack of food and water can significantly shorten their lifespan and reduce their ability to reproduce.
1.3.1. Availability Of Food Sources
Flies are opportunistic feeders, consuming a wide range of organic materials, from decaying matter to sugary substances. A plentiful food supply ensures they have the energy to fly, reproduce, and survive longer. Areas with abundant food sources, such as restaurants or farms, often experience larger fly populations. A study from the USDA found that regions with high agricultural activity also reported high populations of flies near the location.
1.3.2. Availability Of Water Sources
Water is equally critical for flies. They need moisture to prevent dehydration and support their bodily functions. Flies often seek out standing water, damp soil, or condensation to hydrate. Areas with accessible water sources are more likely to support thriving fly populations.
2. What Are The Different Stages Of A Fly’s Life Cycle And How Long Do They Last?
Understanding the fly life cycle is essential for effective pest control. Flies undergo complete metamorphosis, which includes four distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Each stage has a different duration, influenced by environmental factors.
2.1. Egg Stage
The egg stage is the first phase of the fly life cycle. Female flies typically lay their eggs on a food source, such as decaying organic matter, garbage, or animal waste. The eggs are small, whitish, and often laid in clusters.
2.1.1. Duration Of The Egg Stage
The duration of the egg stage varies depending on the species and environmental conditions. Under optimal conditions, house fly eggs hatch in as little as 8 to 24 hours. Fruit fly eggs may take slightly longer, around 24 to 30 hours.
2.1.2. Factors Affecting Egg Development
Temperature and humidity are the primary factors affecting egg development. Warmer temperatures and high humidity accelerate the hatching process, while cooler temperatures and low humidity can delay it. The availability of a suitable food source is also crucial for successful hatching.
2.2. Larva Stage (Maggot)
Once the eggs hatch, the larvae emerge. Fly larvae, commonly known as maggots, are legless, worm-like creatures that feed voraciously on the surrounding organic material. This stage is all about growth, as the larvae molt several times as they increase in size.
2.2.1. Duration Of The Larva Stage
The larval stage is the longest phase of the fly life cycle. House fly larvae typically spend 4 to 7 days feeding and growing. Fruit fly larvae may take slightly longer, around 5 to 8 days.
2.2.2. Factors Affecting Larval Development
Temperature, humidity, and the quality of the food source significantly impact larval development. Warmer temperatures and a nutrient-rich food supply promote rapid growth, while cooler temperatures and poor-quality food can slow it down.
2.3. Pupa Stage
After the larval stage, the fly enters the pupa stage. The larva transforms into a pupa, a non-feeding, inactive stage where it develops into an adult fly. The pupa is encased in a hard, protective shell called a puparium.
2.3.1. Duration Of The Pupa Stage
The pupa stage typically lasts for 4 to 10 days, depending on the species and environmental conditions. During this time, the fly undergoes significant internal changes as it develops wings, legs, and other adult features.
2.3.2. Factors Affecting Pupal Development
Temperature is the primary factor affecting pupal development. Warmer temperatures accelerate the transformation process, while cooler temperatures slow it down. Humidity also plays a role, as the pupa needs a certain level of moisture to prevent desiccation.
2.4. Adult Stage
The final stage of the fly life cycle is the adult stage. Once the fly has fully developed inside the puparium, it emerges as a fully formed adult. Adult flies are capable of flying, feeding, and reproducing.
2.4.1. Duration Of The Adult Stage
As mentioned earlier, the adult stage varies depending on the species and environmental conditions. House flies typically live for about 28 days, while fruit flies can live for 40 to 50 days.
2.4.2. Factors Affecting Adult Lifespan
Temperature, humidity, and access to food and water all influence adult fly lifespan. Optimal conditions promote longer lifespans and increased reproductive success, while unfavorable conditions can shorten their lives.
3. How Do House Flies And Fruit Flies Differ In Their Lifespans?
House flies and fruit flies are two of the most common types of flies found in homes and businesses. While they share some similarities, they also have distinct differences in their lifespans and behaviors.
3.1. House Fly Lifespan
House flies (Musca domestica) are ubiquitous pests that can transmit diseases and contaminate food. Understanding their lifespan is crucial for effective control.
3.1.1. Average Lifespan Of A House Fly
The average lifespan of a house fly is about 28 days. During this time, they can reproduce rapidly, with females laying hundreds of eggs in multiple batches.
3.1.2. Reproductive Rate Of House Flies
Female house flies can lay up to 500 eggs in their lifetime, typically in batches of 75 to 150 eggs. This high reproductive rate contributes to their ability to quickly infest an area.
3.2. Fruit Fly Lifespan
Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) are small flies that are attracted to ripe and rotting fruits and vegetables. They are a common nuisance in kitchens and food storage areas.
3.2.1. Average Lifespan Of A Fruit Fly
The average lifespan of a fruit fly is about 40 to 50 days, slightly longer than that of a house fly. This extended lifespan allows them to produce multiple generations in a relatively short period.
3.2.2. Reproductive Rate Of Fruit Flies
Female fruit flies can lay up to 400 eggs in their lifetime, typically in batches of around 50 eggs. While their individual egg-laying capacity is lower than that of house flies, their longer lifespan allows them to produce more offspring overall.
3.3. Comparison Table: House Fly vs. Fruit Fly Lifespan
| Feature | House Fly | Fruit Fly |
|---|---|---|
| Average Lifespan | 28 days | 40-50 days |
| Egg-Laying Capacity | Up to 500 eggs | Up to 400 eggs |
| Habitat | Various organic matter | Ripe/rotting fruits |
| Disease Transmission | Yes | No |
4. How Does An Adult Fly’s Diet Affect Its Lifespan?
A fly’s diet plays a critical role in its overall health and lifespan. Flies require a balanced intake of nutrients to support their activities, reproduction, and survival.
4.1. Nutritional Requirements Of Flies
Flies need carbohydrates for energy, proteins for growth and reproduction, and vitamins and minerals for overall health. The availability and quality of these nutrients can significantly impact their lifespan.
4.1.1. Carbohydrate Sources
Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for flies. They obtain carbohydrates from sugary substances, such as nectar, fruit juices, and decaying organic matter.
4.1.2. Protein Sources
Proteins are essential for growth and reproduction. Flies obtain proteins from decaying organic matter, animal waste, and other protein-rich sources.
4.2. Impact Of Diet Quality On Lifespan
A diet rich in essential nutrients promotes longer lifespans and increased reproductive success. Conversely, a poor-quality diet can shorten their lives and reduce their ability to reproduce.
4.2.1. High-Quality Diet
A high-quality diet provides flies with the necessary energy and nutrients to thrive. Flies that have access to a balanced diet are more likely to live longer and produce more offspring.
4.2.2. Low-Quality Diet
A low-quality diet lacks essential nutrients, leading to malnutrition and reduced lifespan. Flies that consume a poor-quality diet are more susceptible to diseases and have a lower reproductive rate.
4.3. Examples Of Ideal And Poor Diets For Flies
| Diet Type | Examples | Impact on Lifespan |
|---|---|---|
| Ideal Diet | Ripe fruit, decaying organic matter | Longer lifespan |
| Poor Diet | Lack of essential nutrients, clean water | Shorter lifespan |
5. What Are The Natural Predators Of Flies And How Do They Impact The Fly Population?
Flies are preyed upon by a variety of natural predators, which help to regulate their populations. These predators include birds, insects, spiders, and fungi.
5.1. Birds As Predators
Birds are among the most effective predators of flies. They consume large numbers of adult flies, helping to keep their populations in check.
5.1.1. Types Of Birds That Eat Flies
Many species of birds feed on flies, including swallows, flycatchers, and bluebirds. These birds are adept at catching flies in mid-air or picking them off surfaces.
5.1.2. Impact Of Birds On Fly Population
Birds can significantly reduce fly populations, especially in areas where they are abundant. Their predation helps to prevent fly infestations and maintain ecological balance.
5.2. Insects As Predators
Several types of insects also prey on flies. These include predatory flies, wasps, and beetles.
5.2.1. Types Of Predatory Insects
Predatory flies, such as robber flies and dragonflies, are voracious predators of adult flies. Wasps, such as parasitoid wasps, lay their eggs inside fly larvae, eventually killing them. Beetles, such as rove beetles, feed on fly eggs and larvae.
5.2.2. Impact Of Predatory Insects On Fly Population
Predatory insects can play a significant role in controlling fly populations, especially in natural environments. Their predation helps to prevent fly outbreaks and maintain ecosystem stability.
5.3. Spiders As Predators
Spiders are another important group of fly predators. They catch flies in their webs or actively hunt them down.
5.3.1. Types Of Spiders That Eat Flies
Many species of spiders feed on flies, including orb-weaver spiders, jumping spiders, and cobweb spiders. These spiders are adept at catching flies in various habitats.
5.3.2. Impact Of Spiders On Fly Population
Spiders can significantly reduce fly populations, especially in indoor environments. Their predation helps to keep fly numbers in check and maintain a healthy ecosystem.
5.4. Fungi As Predators
Certain types of fungi can also act as predators of flies. These fungi infect and kill flies, helping to control their populations.
5.4.1. Types Of Fungi That Kill Flies
Entomophthoralean fungi are a group of fungi that specialize in infecting and killing insects, including flies. These fungi release spores that attach to the fly’s body, eventually penetrating and consuming it.
5.4.2. Impact Of Fungi On Fly Population
Fungi can be highly effective at controlling fly populations, especially in humid environments. Their natural ability to infect and kill flies makes them a valuable tool for pest management.
6. How Can You Control Fly Populations And Extend Or Shorten Their Lifespan In Different Environments?
Controlling fly populations is essential for maintaining hygiene and preventing the spread of diseases. Various methods can be used to manage fly populations, including sanitation, trapping, and chemical control.
6.1. Sanitation Practices
Sanitation is the most effective way to control fly populations. By eliminating food and breeding sources, you can significantly reduce their numbers.
6.1.1. Eliminating Food Sources
Flies are attracted to decaying organic matter, garbage, and animal waste. Properly disposing of these materials can eliminate their food sources and prevent them from breeding. Regular cleaning of garbage cans, compost bins, and pet waste areas is essential.
6.1.2. Eliminating Breeding Sites
Flies lay their eggs in moist environments, such as standing water, damp soil, and decaying organic matter. Eliminating these breeding sites can prevent them from reproducing. Ensure proper drainage, repair leaks, and regularly clean gutters and drains.
6.2. Trapping Methods
Trapping can be an effective way to reduce fly populations, especially in indoor environments. Various types of traps are available, including sticky traps, light traps, and bait traps.
6.2.1. Sticky Traps
Sticky traps are coated with an adhesive substance that traps flies when they land on them. These traps are effective at catching adult flies and can be placed in areas where flies are commonly seen.
6.2.2. Light Traps
Light traps use ultraviolet light to attract flies, which are then electrocuted or trapped on a sticky surface. These traps are effective at catching a wide range of fly species and are commonly used in commercial settings.
6.2.3. Bait Traps
Bait traps use a lure to attract flies, which then enter the trap and are unable to escape. These traps are effective at catching specific fly species and can be used in both indoor and outdoor environments.
6.3. Chemical Control Methods
Chemical control methods can be used to manage fly populations when sanitation and trapping are not sufficient. Insecticides can be applied as sprays, baits, or foggers.
6.3.1. Insecticide Sprays
Insecticide sprays can be used to kill adult flies and larvae. These sprays should be applied carefully, following the manufacturer’s instructions, to avoid harming non-target organisms.
6.3.2. Insecticide Baits
Insecticide baits contain a lure that attracts flies, which then consume the insecticide and die. These baits are effective at controlling fly populations and can be used in both indoor and outdoor environments.
6.3.3. Foggers
Foggers release a fine mist of insecticide that kills adult flies. These foggers should be used with caution, as they can also harm non-target organisms and may require evacuation of the area during application.
6.4. Extending Fly Lifespan In Controlled Environments
In laboratory settings, extending fly lifespan is crucial for research purposes. Researchers can manipulate environmental factors and diet to achieve this.
6.4.1. Optimal Temperature And Humidity
Maintaining optimal temperature and humidity levels can extend fly lifespan. Generally, cooler temperatures and high humidity are ideal for prolonging their lives.
6.4.2. Nutrient-Rich Diet
Providing flies with a nutrient-rich diet can also extend their lifespan. A balanced diet containing carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins is essential for their health and longevity.
6.5. Shortening Fly Lifespan For Pest Control
In pest control, the goal is to shorten fly lifespan and reduce their reproductive rate. Various methods can be used to achieve this, including sanitation, trapping, and chemical control.
6.5.1. Eliminating Food And Breeding Sources
Eliminating food and breeding sources is the most effective way to shorten fly lifespan. By depriving them of the resources they need to survive and reproduce, you can significantly reduce their populations.
6.5.2. Using Traps And Insecticides
Traps and insecticides can be used to kill adult flies and larvae, further shortening their lifespan. These methods should be used in conjunction with sanitation practices for optimal results.
7. What Role Do Flies Play In The Ecosystem?
While flies are often seen as pests, they play several important roles in the ecosystem. They act as pollinators, decomposers, and food sources for other animals.
7.1. Flies As Pollinators
Many species of flies are important pollinators, especially for plants that produce small, inconspicuous flowers. They visit flowers to feed on nectar and pollen, transferring pollen from one flower to another.
7.1.1. Types Of Flies That Pollinate
Hoverflies, also known as flower flies, are among the most important fly pollinators. They mimic bees in appearance and behavior, visiting flowers to feed on nectar and pollen.
7.1.2. Importance Of Fly Pollination
Fly pollination is essential for the reproduction of many plant species, especially in environments where bees are scarce. Flies can pollinate plants in cool, shady areas where bees are less active.
7.2. Flies As Decomposers
Flies play a crucial role in decomposition, breaking down organic matter and recycling nutrients. Their larvae feed on decaying plant and animal material, helping to speed up the decomposition process.
7.2.1. Types Of Flies That Decompose
Blow flies and flesh flies are among the most important fly decomposers. They are attracted to carrion and other decaying organic matter, laying their eggs on these materials.
7.2.2. Importance Of Fly Decomposition
Fly decomposition is essential for maintaining ecosystem health. By breaking down organic matter, they release nutrients back into the soil, which can then be used by plants.
7.3. Flies As Food Sources
Flies are an important food source for many animals, including birds, insects, and spiders. They provide a valuable source of protein and nutrients for these predators.
7.3.1. Animals That Eat Flies
Many species of birds, insects, and spiders feed on flies. These predators rely on flies as a primary food source.
7.3.2. Importance Of Flies As Food Sources
Flies play a critical role in the food chain, providing energy and nutrients to a wide range of animals. Their presence supports biodiversity and ecosystem stability.
8. What Diseases Can Flies Transmit And How Does Their Lifespan Affect Disease Transmission?
Flies can transmit a variety of diseases to humans and animals. Their ability to carry pathogens on their bodies and in their digestive systems makes them potential vectors for disease transmission.
8.1. Diseases Transmitted By Flies
Flies can transmit a range of diseases, including bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections. These diseases can cause serious health problems in humans and animals.
8.1.1. Bacterial Diseases
Flies can transmit bacterial diseases such as Salmonella, E. coli, and Shigella. These bacteria can cause food poisoning, diarrhea, and other gastrointestinal illnesses.
8.1.2. Viral Diseases
Flies can transmit viral diseases such as polio and hepatitis A. These viruses can cause serious liver damage and neurological problems.
8.1.3. Parasitic Diseases
Flies can transmit parasitic diseases such as tapeworms and roundworms. These parasites can cause digestive problems and other health issues.
8.2. How Flies Transmit Diseases
Flies transmit diseases through several mechanisms, including mechanical transmission and biological transmission.
8.2.1. Mechanical Transmission
Mechanical transmission occurs when flies carry pathogens on their bodies, such as their legs or mouthparts. They can then transfer these pathogens to food, surfaces, or wounds, leading to infection.
8.2.2. Biological Transmission
Biological transmission occurs when flies ingest pathogens and then transmit them through their saliva or feces. This type of transmission is less common but can occur with certain diseases.
8.3. Impact Of Fly Lifespan On Disease Transmission
The lifespan of a fly can affect its ability to transmit diseases. Longer-lived flies have more opportunities to come into contact with pathogens and transmit them to humans and animals.
8.3.1. Longer Lifespan
Flies with longer lifespans can accumulate more pathogens over time, increasing their potential to transmit diseases. They also have more opportunities to come into contact with susceptible hosts.
8.3.2. Shorter Lifespan
Flies with shorter lifespans have less time to accumulate pathogens and transmit diseases. However, they can still pose a risk if they come into contact with pathogens shortly after emerging as adults.
9. How Do Climate Change And Environmental Factors Impact Fly Lifespans And Populations?
Climate change and other environmental factors can significantly impact fly lifespans and populations. Changes in temperature, humidity, and precipitation patterns can alter their life cycle, distribution, and abundance.
9.1. Impact Of Climate Change On Fly Lifespans
Climate change can affect fly lifespans in several ways. Warmer temperatures can speed up their development, reducing their lifespan but increasing their reproductive rate. Changes in precipitation patterns can also affect their breeding sites and food sources.
9.1.1. Warmer Temperatures
Warmer temperatures can accelerate the fly life cycle, reducing their lifespan but increasing their reproductive rate. This can lead to larger fly populations and increased disease transmission risk.
9.1.2. Changes In Precipitation Patterns
Changes in precipitation patterns can affect fly breeding sites and food sources. Increased rainfall can create more breeding sites, while drought can reduce their food supply.
9.2. Impact Of Environmental Factors On Fly Populations
Environmental factors such as pollution, habitat loss, and pesticide use can also impact fly populations. Pollution can contaminate their food sources and breeding sites, while habitat loss can reduce their available habitat. Pesticide use can directly kill flies and other beneficial insects.
9.2.1. Pollution
Pollution can contaminate fly food sources and breeding sites, reducing their lifespan and reproductive success. Air and water pollution can also harm other beneficial insects and disrupt ecosystem balance.
9.2.2. Habitat Loss
Habitat loss can reduce the available habitat for flies and other animals, leading to decreased populations. Deforestation, urbanization, and agricultural expansion can all contribute to habitat loss.
9.2.3. Pesticide Use
Pesticide use can directly kill flies and other beneficial insects, disrupting ecosystem balance. Insecticides can also contaminate food sources and breeding sites, reducing fly lifespan and reproductive success.
10. What Are Some Common Myths And Misconceptions About Fly Lifespans?
There are several common myths and misconceptions about fly lifespans. Understanding the truth about these myths can help you better manage fly populations and prevent disease transmission.
10.1. Myth: Flies Only Live For 24 Hours
One common myth is that flies only live for 24 hours. While some flies may have very short lifespans, most adult flies live for several weeks or even months, depending on the species and environmental conditions.
10.1.1. Truth About Fly Lifespans
As mentioned earlier, house flies typically live for about 28 days, while fruit flies can live for 40 to 50 days. This longer lifespan allows them to reproduce and transmit diseases.
10.1.2. Why This Myth Persists
This myth may persist because people often see flies dying or being killed, leading them to believe that their lifespan is very short. However, the reality is that flies can live for much longer than 24 hours.
10.2. Myth: All Flies Are The Same
Another common myth is that all flies are the same. In reality, there are thousands of different species of flies, each with its own unique characteristics, behaviors, and lifespans.
10.2.1. Diversity Of Fly Species
Flies belong to the order Diptera, which includes over 125,000 species worldwide. These species vary in size, shape, color, and behavior.
10.2.2. Importance Of Species Identification
Identifying the specific species of fly is essential for effective pest control. Different species have different habits and behaviors, requiring different control methods.
10.3. Myth: Flies Are Only A Nuisance
While flies can be a nuisance, they also play important roles in the ecosystem. They act as pollinators, decomposers, and food sources for other animals.
10.3.1. Ecological Roles Of Flies
As mentioned earlier, flies play a crucial role in pollination, decomposition, and the food chain. They help to maintain ecosystem health and stability.
10.3.2. Balancing Pest Control With Ecological Concerns
When managing fly populations, it’s important to consider their ecological roles and use control methods that minimize harm to beneficial insects and other wildlife.
10.4 Myth: Killing One Fly Makes A Difference
Killing one fly will likely not make a noticeable difference in the overall population. Flies reproduce quickly, and a single female can lay hundreds of eggs in her lifetime. Effective fly control requires a comprehensive approach that targets breeding sites and adult flies.
10.4.1. Comprehensive Fly Control
A comprehensive fly control program includes sanitation, trapping, and chemical control methods. Sanitation is the most effective way to control fly populations, as it eliminates food and breeding sources. Trapping can reduce adult fly populations, while insecticides can kill both adult flies and larvae.
10.4.2 Long Term Fly Control
To achieve long-term fly control, it is important to implement a continuous program that addresses all aspects of the fly life cycle. This includes regular cleaning, proper waste management, and the use of traps and insecticides as needed.
Understanding how long an adult fly lives is crucial for effective pest management and disease prevention. Factors like temperature, humidity, diet, and natural predators all play a role in determining a fly’s lifespan. By implementing effective control strategies and debunking common myths, you can minimize the impact of flies on your environment and health.
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FAQ About Fly Lifespans
1. How long do flies typically live?
Flies typically live from a few weeks to a couple of months, depending on the species and environmental conditions.
2. What is the lifespan of a house fly?
A house fly typically lives for about 28 days.
3. How long do fruit flies live?
Fruit flies can live for 40 to 50 days.
4. What factors affect a fly’s lifespan?
Factors affecting a fly’s lifespan include temperature, humidity, diet, and natural predators.
5. How can I control fly populations?
You can control fly populations through sanitation, trapping, and chemical control methods.
6. What diseases can flies transmit?
Flies can transmit bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases.
7. How do flies transmit diseases?
Flies transmit diseases through mechanical and biological transmission.
8. What role do flies play in the ecosystem?
Flies act as pollinators, decomposers, and food sources for other animals.
9. How does climate change affect fly lifespans?
Climate change can alter fly lifespans by changing temperature and precipitation patterns.
10. What are some common myths about fly lifespans?
Common myths include that flies only live for 24 hours and that all flies are the same.
