**Does Southwest Fly to Canada? Your Comprehensive Guide**

Does Southwest fly to Canada? This is a common question among travelers looking for affordable flight options, and flyermedia.net is here to provide you with a detailed answer. Discover the current routes, potential future expansions, and alternative airlines that can take you across the border for your next adventure.

1. Understanding Southwest Airlines’ International Routes

Does Southwest Airlines currently fly to Canada? No, Southwest Airlines does not currently offer flights to Canada. While Southwest has expanded its reach to several international destinations, including Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, Canada remains absent from its route map.

1.1 Southwest’s Focus on Domestic and Near-International Markets

Southwest Airlines has primarily focused on serving the domestic US market and near-international destinations. This strategic approach allows them to maintain their operational efficiency and cost-effective pricing model, appealing to a broad customer base within these regions.

1.2 Destinations Southwest Airlines Flies To

Southwest Airlines provides an extensive network of destinations across the United States and several international locales:

  • United States: Southwest covers numerous cities across the US, from major hubs to smaller regional airports, ensuring comprehensive domestic connectivity.
  • Mexico: Popular Mexican destinations include Cancun, Cozumel, Los Cabos, and Puerto Vallarta, attracting tourists seeking warm climates and vibrant culture.
  • Central America: Southwest also serves destinations in Central America, such as Belize City (Belize) and San Jose (Costa Rica), catering to travelers interested in eco-tourism and adventure.
  • Caribbean: The airline offers flights to various Caribbean islands like Montego Bay (Jamaica), Punta Cana (Dominican Republic), and Aruba, providing leisure travelers with tropical getaways.

1.3 The Absence of Canadian Destinations

Despite its growing international presence, Southwest has yet to include any Canadian cities in its flight network. This absence raises questions about the airline’s strategic considerations and potential future plans for expansion into the Canadian market.

2. Reasons Why Southwest Doesn’t Fly to Canada

Why doesn’t Southwest fly to Canada? Several factors contribute to Southwest Airlines’ decision not to operate flights to Canada, ranging from economic considerations to regulatory hurdles and strategic priorities. Understanding these factors provides insight into the airline’s current stance and potential future decisions.

2.1 Economic Considerations

One of the primary reasons Southwest hasn’t expanded into Canada revolves around economic factors. The airline’s business model is built on high-frequency, short-haul flights, which are most profitable in densely populated areas with strong demand.

  • Market Demand: While there is undoubtedly demand for air travel between the US and Canada, Southwest may assess that the demand on specific routes doesn’t align with their operational model.
  • Competition: The Canadian airline market is competitive, with established players like Air Canada and WestJet already dominating key routes. Entering this market would require significant investment and aggressive pricing strategies, which might not align with Southwest’s profit goals.

2.2 Regulatory and Operational Hurdles

Operating flights between the US and Canada involves navigating a complex web of regulations and operational requirements, adding to the challenges for Southwest Airlines.

  • Bilateral Agreements: Air travel between countries is governed by bilateral agreements, which dictate the number of flights, routes, and other operational aspects. Securing favorable terms can be a lengthy and complex process.
  • Customs and Immigration: International flights require stringent customs and immigration procedures, adding to the operational complexity and costs. Southwest would need to ensure compliance with both US and Canadian regulations.

2.3 Fleet and Route Planning

Southwest Airlines’ fleet primarily consists of Boeing 737 aircraft, which are well-suited for short to medium-haul flights. While these aircraft can technically fly to many Canadian cities, Southwest’s route planning strategy focuses on maximizing the utilization of its fleet within its existing network.

  • Aircraft Utilization: Southwest aims to keep its aircraft in the air as much as possible, flying multiple short routes each day. Longer international flights can disrupt this efficiency, affecting overall profitability.
  • Network Optimization: The airline’s route network is designed to optimize connectivity and minimize layover times. Adding Canadian destinations would require careful planning to integrate them seamlessly into the existing network.

2.4 Strategic Priorities

Southwest Airlines has been focused on expanding its presence in other international markets that align more closely with its strategic priorities.

  • Latin America and the Caribbean: These regions offer strong leisure travel demand and opportunities to leverage Southwest’s low-cost model. The airline has made significant investments in expanding its network to these destinations.
  • Domestic Growth: Southwest continues to see opportunities for growth within the US market, particularly in underserved or high-fare routes. This domestic focus takes precedence over expanding into new international markets like Canada.

3. Potential Future Expansion into Canada

Could Southwest Airlines eventually fly to Canada? While there are no current plans, the possibility of Southwest Airlines expanding its routes to include Canadian destinations in the future cannot be ruled out. Changes in market conditions, regulatory environments, or the airline’s strategic priorities could pave the way for such a move.

3.1 Market Opportunities

Several market opportunities could incentivize Southwest to consider expanding into Canada:

  • Increased Demand: A surge in demand for air travel between the US and Canada, driven by tourism, business, or other factors, could make Canadian routes more attractive.
  • Competitive Landscape: Changes in the competitive landscape, such as the entry or exit of other airlines, could create opportunities for Southwest to gain market share in Canada.
  • Untapped Routes: Southwest could identify underserved routes between specific US and Canadian cities, catering to niche markets and differentiating itself from existing carriers.

3.2 Changes in Regulations and Agreements

Evolving regulations and bilateral agreements between the US and Canada could also influence Southwest’s decision to fly to Canada.

  • Open Skies Agreements: More liberalized air travel agreements could reduce regulatory barriers and make it easier for Southwest to operate flights between the two countries.
  • Streamlined Procedures: Improvements in customs and immigration procedures could reduce operational complexity and costs, making Canadian routes more viable.

3.3 Strategic Shifts

A shift in Southwest Airlines’ strategic priorities could lead to a reevaluation of its stance on flying to Canada.

  • International Growth: If Southwest decides to accelerate its international expansion, Canada could become a natural target, given its proximity and strong economic ties with the US.
  • Partnerships: Collaborating with Canadian airlines through code-sharing agreements or joint ventures could provide Southwest with a low-risk entry into the Canadian market.

3.4 Overcoming Challenges

To successfully expand into Canada, Southwest would need to address several key challenges:

  • Cost Management: Maintaining its low-cost structure while complying with international regulations and operational requirements would be crucial.
  • Brand Recognition: Building brand awareness and loyalty in the Canadian market would require effective marketing and customer service strategies.
  • Operational Efficiency: Integrating Canadian routes into its existing network without compromising operational efficiency would be essential.

4. Alternative Airlines That Fly to Canada

While waiting to see does Southwest fly to Canada, several other airlines offer flights between the US and Canada, providing travelers with a range of options to suit their needs and preferences. These airlines include major international carriers, low-cost airlines, and regional operators.

4.1 Major International Carriers

Major international carriers like Air Canada and United Airlines offer extensive networks and frequent flights between the US and Canada.

  • Air Canada: As Canada’s flag carrier, Air Canada operates flights from numerous US cities to major Canadian destinations like Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, and Calgary. They offer a range of services and fare options, catering to both leisure and business travelers.
  • United Airlines: United Airlines provides flights from its US hubs to various Canadian cities, offering connectivity and convenience for travelers. They often have code-sharing agreements with Air Canada, expanding their reach in the Canadian market.

4.2 Low-Cost Airlines

Low-cost airlines like WestJet and Flair Airlines offer budget-friendly options for flying between the US and Canada.

  • WestJet: WestJet is a Canadian low-cost carrier that operates flights to several US cities. They offer competitive fares and a no-frills flying experience, appealing to price-conscious travelers.
  • Flair Airlines: Flair Airlines is another Canadian low-cost carrier that focuses on providing affordable air travel within Canada and to select US destinations. They offer unbundled fares, allowing passengers to pay only for the services they need.

4.3 Regional Airlines

Regional airlines like Porter Airlines and Horizon Air offer flights between specific US and Canadian cities, often focusing on underserved or niche markets.

  • Porter Airlines: Porter Airlines operates flights from Toronto’s Billy Bishop Airport to several US cities, offering a premium flying experience with complimentary amenities.
  • Horizon Air: Horizon Air, a subsidiary of Alaska Airlines, provides flights from Seattle and other Pacific Northwest cities to various destinations in Western Canada.

4.4 Comparing Airlines

When choosing an airline for your trip between the US and Canada, consider the following factors:

Factors Major International Carriers (e.g., Air Canada, United) Low-Cost Airlines (e.g., WestJet, Flair) Regional Airlines (e.g., Porter, Horizon)
Fare Higher Lower Moderate
Service Full-service Limited Varies
Destinations Wide range Select cities Specific regions
Frequency Frequent flights Less frequent Varies

4.5 Booking Tips

To find the best deals on flights between the US and Canada, consider the following booking tips:

  • Book in Advance: Booking your flights well in advance can often result in lower fares, especially during peak travel seasons.
  • Be Flexible: Being flexible with your travel dates and times can help you find cheaper flights. Consider flying on weekdays or during off-peak hours.
  • Compare Prices: Use online travel agencies and airline websites to compare prices and find the best deals.
  • Sign Up for Alerts: Sign up for email alerts from airlines and travel agencies to receive notifications about fare sales and promotions.
  • Consider Package Deals: Bundling your flight with hotel or car rental can sometimes result in significant savings.

5. Southwest’s Current International Destinations and Services

While Southwest Airlines doesn’t fly to Canada, it does offer a variety of international destinations and services. These offerings showcase the airline’s ability to cater to international travelers with its unique brand of customer service and value.

5.1 Mexico Destinations

Southwest provides numerous flights to popular Mexican destinations, attracting tourists seeking warm climates, beautiful beaches, and vibrant culture:

  • Cancun: Known for its stunning beaches and resorts, Cancun is a favorite destination for vacationers.
  • Cozumel: A popular spot for diving and snorkeling, Cozumel offers crystal-clear waters and abundant marine life.
  • Los Cabos: This resort city at the southern tip of Baja California is famous for its beaches, water activities, and nightlife.
  • Puerto Vallarta: With its charming cobblestone streets and beautiful bay, Puerto Vallarta offers a blend of relaxation and adventure.

5.2 Central America Destinations

Southwest also serves destinations in Central America, catering to travelers interested in eco-tourism, adventure, and cultural experiences:

  • Belize City, Belize: As the largest city in Belize, Belize City serves as a gateway to the country’s Mayan ruins, rainforests, and barrier reef.
  • San Jose, Costa Rica: Located in the Central Valley, San Jose is the capital of Costa Rica and a hub for exploring the country’s volcanoes, coffee plantations, and national parks.

5.3 Caribbean Destinations

The airline offers flights to various Caribbean islands, providing leisure travelers with tropical getaways, beautiful beaches, and vibrant culture:

  • Montego Bay, Jamaica: Known for its lively atmosphere and beautiful beaches, Montego Bay is a popular destination for tourists seeking relaxation and adventure.
  • Punta Cana, Dominican Republic: With its stunning beaches and numerous resorts, Punta Cana is a favorite destination for all-inclusive vacations.
  • Aruba: Known for its white-sand beaches, turquoise waters, and desert landscapes, Aruba offers a unique Caribbean experience.

5.4 International Services

Southwest Airlines offers several services to enhance the international travel experience:

  • Baggage Policy: Southwest’s generous baggage policy, which includes two free checked bags, applies to international flights as well, providing added value for travelers.
  • In-Flight Entertainment: Southwest provides in-flight entertainment options, including free live TV and on-demand movies, to keep passengers entertained during their journey.
  • Snacks and Drinks: Passengers can enjoy complimentary snacks and non-alcoholic beverages on international flights, as well as alcoholic beverages for purchase.

5.5 Rapid Rewards Program

Travelers can earn and redeem Rapid Rewards points on international flights, making it easier to earn rewards and save money on future travel. The Rapid Rewards program offers several benefits, including no blackout dates and points that don’t expire.

6. Tips for Flying Southwest Airlines

Whether you’re flying domestically or internationally, these tips can help you make the most of your Southwest Airlines experience. Southwest Airlines is known for its unique boarding process, flexible policies, and customer-friendly services.

6.1 Booking Your Flight

  • Book Early: Booking your flight well in advance can often result in lower fares, especially during peak travel seasons.
  • Check for Sales: Southwest frequently offers fare sales and promotions. Sign up for email alerts or check the airline’s website regularly to stay informed.
  • Be Flexible: Being flexible with your travel dates and times can help you find cheaper flights. Consider flying on weekdays or during off-peak hours.
  • Use the Low Fare Calendar: Southwest’s Low Fare Calendar allows you to see the lowest fares available for a given route over a period of time, making it easier to find the best deals.

6.2 Understanding the Boarding Process

Southwest Airlines uses a unique boarding process based on boarding groups and positions:

  • Check-In Early: Check in online as soon as possible (24 hours before departure) to secure a better boarding position.
  • Boarding Groups: Passengers are assigned to boarding groups (A, B, or C) based on their check-in time.
  • Boarding Positions: Within each boarding group, passengers are assigned a position (1-60+).
  • Open Seating: Southwest has an open seating policy, meaning you can choose any available seat once you board the plane.
  • EarlyBird Check-In: For an additional fee, you can purchase EarlyBird Check-In, which automatically checks you in 36 hours before departure and assigns you a better boarding position.

6.3 Baggage Policy

Southwest Airlines offers a generous baggage policy:

  • Two Free Checked Bags: Each passenger is allowed two free checked bags, up to 50 pounds each.
  • Carry-On Baggage: Passengers are allowed one carry-on bag and one personal item, such as a purse or laptop bag.
  • Oversized and Overweight Fees: Fees apply for bags that exceed the size and weight limits.

6.4 In-Flight Experience

Southwest Airlines provides a comfortable and enjoyable in-flight experience:

  • In-Flight Entertainment: Southwest offers free live TV and on-demand movies on many flights.
  • Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi is available for purchase on most flights, allowing you to stay connected during your journey.
  • Snacks and Drinks: Passengers can enjoy complimentary snacks and non-alcoholic beverages, as well as alcoholic beverages for purchase.

6.5 Customer Service

Southwest Airlines is known for its friendly and helpful customer service:

  • Contact Options: You can contact Southwest’s customer service team by phone, email, or social media.
  • Flexible Policies: Southwest offers flexible policies for changing or canceling flights, making it easier to adjust your travel plans if needed.

7. The Impact of COVID-19 on Air Travel Between the US and Canada

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on air travel between the US and Canada, leading to border closures, travel restrictions, and decreased demand. Understanding these impacts is essential for travelers planning trips between the two countries.

7.1 Border Closures and Travel Restrictions

In response to the pandemic, the US and Canada implemented border closures and travel restrictions to limit the spread of the virus:

  • Non-Essential Travel Ban: For an extended period, non-essential travel between the US and Canada was prohibited, significantly reducing the number of flights and passengers.
  • Quarantine Requirements: Travelers entering either country were often required to quarantine for 14 days, further discouraging travel.
  • Testing Requirements: Both countries implemented testing requirements for travelers, requiring them to provide proof of a negative COVID-19 test before entry.

7.2 Decreased Demand

The pandemic led to a sharp decline in demand for air travel between the US and Canada:

  • Business Travel: Business travel was significantly reduced as companies shifted to remote work and virtual meetings.
  • Leisure Travel: Leisure travel also declined due to concerns about safety, travel restrictions, and economic uncertainty.

7.3 Airline Responses

Airlines responded to the pandemic by:

  • Reducing Flights: Airlines significantly reduced the number of flights between the US and Canada, consolidating routes and frequencies.
  • Implementing Safety Measures: Airlines implemented enhanced safety measures, such as mask requirements, enhanced cleaning protocols, and social distancing measures.
  • Offering Flexible Policies: Airlines offered flexible policies for changing or canceling flights, allowing travelers to adjust their plans without incurring fees.

7.4 Recovery and Future Outlook

As the pandemic subsides and vaccination rates increase, air travel between the US and Canada is gradually recovering:

  • Border Reopening: The US and Canada have lifted some border restrictions, allowing vaccinated travelers to enter without quarantine requirements.
  • Increased Demand: Demand for air travel is increasing as people become more comfortable traveling and restrictions are eased.
  • Airline Adjustments: Airlines are gradually increasing the number of flights between the US and Canada, adjusting their schedules to meet the growing demand.

7.5 Travel Planning Considerations

When planning air travel between the US and Canada, consider the following:

  • Check Travel Advisories: Stay informed about the latest travel advisories and restrictions issued by both countries.
  • Vaccination Requirements: Ensure you meet the vaccination requirements for entry into your destination country.
  • Testing Requirements: Be aware of any testing requirements and ensure you have the necessary documentation.
  • Flexible Booking: Book flights with flexible change and cancellation policies to protect yourself in case your plans change.

8. Essential Travel Tips for Flights To and From Canada

Navigating international travel requires preparation and awareness of specific regulations. Here are essential travel tips for flying to and from Canada, ensuring a smooth and stress-free experience.

8.1 Documentation

  • Passport: A valid passport is typically required for entry into Canada for US citizens. Ensure your passport is valid for the duration of your stay.
  • Visa: Depending on your citizenship and the purpose of your visit, you may need a visa to enter Canada. Check the Canadian government’s website for visa requirements.
  • Permanent Resident Card: If you are a US permanent resident, you will need your Permanent Resident Card (Green Card) and a valid passport from your country of citizenship.

8.2 Customs and Immigration

  • Declaration Form: Upon arrival in Canada, you will need to complete a customs declaration form, declaring any goods you are bringing into the country.
  • Customs Allowances: Be aware of the customs allowances for bringing goods into Canada, including limits on alcohol, tobacco, and gifts.
  • Prohibited Items: Certain items are prohibited from being brought into Canada, such as certain types of firearms, drugs, and agricultural products. Check the Canadian Border Services Agency (CBSA) website for a list of prohibited items.

8.3 Security

  • TSA Regulations: Familiarize yourself with the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) regulations for flights departing from the US.
  • Security Screening: Be prepared for security screening at the airport, including removing shoes, belts, and electronic devices.
  • Liquid Restrictions: Adhere to the liquid restrictions for carry-on baggage, which limit the amount of liquids, gels, and aerosols you can bring on the plane.

8.4 Health and Safety

  • Vaccinations: Check with your healthcare provider to ensure you have any necessary vaccinations for travel to Canada.
  • Travel Insurance: Consider purchasing travel insurance to protect yourself against unexpected medical expenses, trip cancellations, and other travel-related issues.
  • Health Advisories: Stay informed about any health advisories or outbreaks in Canada.

8.5 Transportation

  • Airport Transfers: Plan your transportation from the airport to your destination, whether it’s by taxi, shuttle, or public transportation.
  • Car Rental: If you plan to rent a car, ensure you have a valid driver’s license and insurance.
  • Public Transportation: Many Canadian cities have efficient public transportation systems, including buses, subways, and trains.

8.6 Communication

  • Cell Phone: Check with your cell phone provider about international roaming charges and data plans.
  • Wi-Fi: Many hotels, restaurants, and public spaces in Canada offer free Wi-Fi.
  • Language: English and French are the official languages of Canada. While English is widely spoken, knowing some basic French phrases can be helpful in certain regions.

8.7 Currency

  • Canadian Dollar: The Canadian dollar (CAD) is the official currency of Canada.
  • Exchange Rate: Check the current exchange rate between the US dollar and the Canadian dollar.
  • Credit Cards: Credit cards are widely accepted in Canada, but it’s always a good idea to carry some cash for smaller purchases.

9. Top Attractions in Canada

Canada offers a wealth of attractions, from stunning natural landscapes to vibrant cities. Whether you’re interested in outdoor adventures, cultural experiences, or culinary delights, Canada has something for everyone.

9.1 Natural Wonders

  • Banff National Park: Located in the Canadian Rockies, Banff National Park offers breathtaking mountain scenery, turquoise lakes, and abundant wildlife.
  • Lake Louise: Known for its stunning turquoise waters and the iconic Fairmont Chateau Lake Louise, Lake Louise is a must-see destination in Banff National Park.

Alt text: The serene Lake Louise, nestled in Banff National Park, reflects the towering mountains and twilight sky, embodying the park’s breathtaking beauty and inviting atmosphere for nature enthusiasts.

  • Niagara Falls: Located on the border between the US and Canada, Niagara Falls is one of the world’s most famous waterfalls, attracting millions of visitors each year.
  • Jasper National Park: Adjacent to Banff National Park, Jasper National Park offers equally stunning mountain scenery, as well as opportunities for hiking, camping, and wildlife viewing.
  • Bay of Fundy: Located on the Atlantic coast of Canada, the Bay of Fundy is known for having the highest tides in the world, creating a unique coastal ecosystem.

9.2 Vibrant Cities

  • Toronto: As Canada’s largest city, Toronto offers a diverse range of attractions, including world-class museums, theaters, and restaurants.
  • Montreal: Known for its European charm and vibrant cultural scene, Montreal is a must-see destination in Quebec.

Alt text: Montreal’s skyline, complete with the iconic bridge and flowing river, captures the city’s blend of modern architecture and natural beauty, drawing visitors to explore its urban and scenic wonders.

  • Vancouver: Located on the Pacific coast, Vancouver offers a stunning combination of mountains, ocean, and urban amenities.
  • Quebec City: As the capital of Quebec, Quebec City is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, known for its historic architecture and charming atmosphere.
  • Calgary: Located in the foothills of the Canadian Rockies, Calgary offers a blend of urban sophistication and outdoor adventure.

9.3 Cultural Experiences

  • Royal Ontario Museum (ROM): Located in Toronto, the ROM is one of Canada’s largest museums, with collections spanning art, culture, and natural history.
  • Montreal Museum of Fine Arts: The Montreal Museum of Fine Arts is one of Canada’s leading art museums, with a diverse collection of Canadian and international art.
  • National Gallery of Canada: Located in Ottawa, the National Gallery of Canada is home to a comprehensive collection of Canadian art, as well as international masterpieces.

9.4 Culinary Delights

  • Poutine: A classic Canadian dish, poutine consists of french fries, cheese curds, and gravy.
  • Maple Syrup: Canada is one of the world’s largest producers of maple syrup.
  • Seafood: Canada’s coastal regions offer a wealth of fresh seafood, including salmon, lobster, and oysters.

10. FAQs About Southwest Airlines and Flights to Canada

Here are some frequently asked questions about Southwest Airlines and flights to Canada, providing quick answers to common queries.

10.1 Does Southwest Airlines fly to Canada?

No, Southwest Airlines does not currently offer flights to Canada.

10.2 Why doesn’t Southwest fly to Canada?

Several factors contribute to Southwest’s decision not to fly to Canada, including economic considerations, regulatory hurdles, fleet and route planning, and strategic priorities.

10.3 Could Southwest fly to Canada in the future?

While there are no current plans, the possibility of Southwest Airlines expanding its routes to include Canadian destinations in the future cannot be ruled out. Changes in market conditions, regulations, or the airline’s strategic priorities could pave the way for such a move.

10.4 Which airlines fly from the US to Canada?

Several airlines offer flights between the US and Canada, including Air Canada, United Airlines, WestJet, Flair Airlines, Porter Airlines, and Horizon Air.

10.5 How can I find the best deals on flights between the US and Canada?

To find the best deals on flights between the US and Canada, consider booking in advance, being flexible with your travel dates, comparing prices, signing up for alerts, and considering package deals.

10.6 What documents do I need to fly from the US to Canada?

A valid passport is typically required for entry into Canada for US citizens. Depending on your citizenship and the purpose of your visit, you may also need a visa.

10.7 What are the customs allowances for bringing goods into Canada?

Be aware of the customs allowances for bringing goods into Canada, including limits on alcohol, tobacco, and gifts.

10.8 What are some must-see attractions in Canada?

Canada offers a wealth of attractions, including Banff National Park, Lake Louise, Niagara Falls, Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.

10.9 What is poutine?

Poutine is a classic Canadian dish consisting of french fries, cheese curds, and gravy.

10.10 How has COVID-19 impacted air travel between the US and Canada?

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on air travel between the US and Canada, leading to border closures, travel restrictions, and decreased demand. However, as the pandemic subsides, air travel is gradually recovering.

Fly High with flyermedia.net

While you explore the possibilities of air travel, remember that flyermedia.net is your go-to source for all things aviation. Whether you’re seeking flight training, airline updates, or career opportunities in the aviation sector, flyermedia.net has you covered.

Ready to take your passion for aviation to new heights? Visit flyermedia.net today and discover a world of information and resources tailored to aviation enthusiasts, pilots, and industry professionals. Your journey to the skies starts here!

(Address: 600 S Clyde Morris Blvd, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, United States. Phone: +1 (386) 226-6000. Website: flyermedia.net.)

Comments

No comments yet. Why don’t you start the discussion?

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *