Can Runners Advance on an Infield Fly Rule?

The infield fly rule, yes, runners can advance, but with risks. It’s a baseball rule designed to prevent the defense from intentionally dropping an easily catchable ball to complete a double play, especially with runners on base, ensuring fair play and protecting baserunners. If you’re eager to understand baseball rules and strategy deeply, visit flyermedia.net for comprehensive insights. We’ll also discuss other related rules like force outs, tag ups, and base running strategies.

1. What is the Infield Fly Rule?

The infield fly rule is a specific rule in baseball that comes into play under particular circumstances. The primary goal of this rule is to prevent the defense from intentionally dropping a batted ball to create an easy double play or force out.

According to the Official Baseball Rules, specifically Rule 2.00, an infield fly is defined as: “A fair fly ball (not including a line drive or a bunt) which can be caught by an infielder with ordinary effort, when first and second, or first, second, and third bases are occupied before two are out. The pitcher, catcher, and any outfielder stationed in the infield on the play shall be considered infielders for the purpose of this rule.”

Here’s a breakdown of the key elements:

Fair Fly Ball: The rule applies only to a ball hit in the air that is deemed fair. It doesn’t apply to line drives or bunt attempts.
Ordinary Effort: An infielder should be able to catch the ball with what is considered ordinary effort. This means the infielder doesn’t have to make an extraordinary play to catch the ball.
Base Occupancy: The rule is in effect when there are runners on first and second, or first, second, and third.
Number of Outs: The rule applies only when there are fewer than two outs.

The purpose of this rule is to prevent the defense from gaining an unfair advantage by intentionally dropping the ball, which would otherwise force runners to advance and be easily put out.

1.1 Why Does the Infield Fly Rule Exist?

The infield fly rule exists primarily to prevent a defensive tactic that could unfairly exploit baserunners in specific situations. Without this rule, the defense could intentionally drop a pop-up in the infield when there are runners on first and second, or bases loaded, with fewer than two outs.

Here’s how the tactic would work and why it’s considered unfair:

The Situation: Runners are on first and second, or first, second, and third, with less than two outs.
The Batted Ball: The batter hits a soft pop-up within the infield.
Intentional Drop: Without the infield fly rule, the infielder could intentionally drop the ball.
Forced Advancement: Because the runners on base are forced to advance to the next base (due to the force out situation at first, second, and possibly third base), the defensive team could easily get a force out at multiple bases.
Double or Triple Play: The defense could then complete a double or even a triple play by simply picking up the ball and throwing it to the appropriate bases, resulting in multiple outs.

The infield fly rule negates this tactic by automatically declaring the batter out when the conditions for the rule are met. This prevents the defense from manipulating the situation to their advantage, protecting the baserunners from being unfairly forced out.

1.2 When is the Infield Fly Rule Not in Effect?

While the infield fly rule is designed to prevent unfair play, it doesn’t apply in all situations. Understanding when the rule is not in effect is crucial for both players and fans. Here are the primary scenarios when the infield fly rule does not apply:

Two Outs: If there are already two outs in the inning, the infield fly rule is not in effect. In this case, the defense doesn’t gain an unfair advantage by intentionally dropping the ball, as there is no force out situation at any base.
Bases Not Occupied: The rule requires runners on first and second, or first, second, and third. If these base occupancy conditions aren’t met, the infield fly rule is not in effect.
Bunt or Line Drive: The rule specifically applies to fair fly balls that can be caught by an infielder with ordinary effort. It does not apply to bunt attempts or line drives.
Extraordinary Effort: If the infielder has to make an extraordinary effort to catch the ball, the infield fly rule is not called. The ball must be catchable with what is considered “ordinary effort.”
Foul Ball: If the batted ball is a foul ball, the infield fly rule does not apply.

1.3 How is an Infield Fly Signaled?

When an umpire determines that a batted ball meets the criteria for an infield fly, they signal it by clearly announcing “Infield Fly, if fair” or “Infield Fly is up”. This declaration indicates that the batter is automatically out, regardless of whether the ball is caught.

Here are the key actions and considerations for signaling an infield fly:

Timing: The umpire must make the call before the ball is caught. The call should be made as soon as it’s clear that the ball meets the conditions of the rule.
Loud and Clear: The umpire must announce the call loudly and clearly so that all players and coaches are aware of the situation.
Visual Signal: In addition to the verbal announcement, the umpire typically points upward with one hand to visually indicate that the infield fly rule is in effect.
“If Fair”: The phrase “if fair” is crucial because the rule only applies if the ball lands in fair territory. If the ball drifts foul before being touched, the infield fly rule is nullified.
Positioning: The umpire making the call is usually the one with the best view of the play, typically the base umpire.
No Signal: If the umpire doesn’t signal the infield fly and the ball drops, the play continues as if the rule were not in effect.

2. Can Runners Advance When an Infield Fly is Called?

Yes, runners can advance when an infield fly is called, but they do so at their own risk. The infield fly rule does not create a dead-ball situation; the ball is still live, and runners have options to advance or stay put.

Here’s a detailed explanation:

Batter is Out: When the umpire calls “Infield Fly,” the batter is automatically out, regardless of whether the ball is caught.
Ball is Live: The ball remains live, meaning that the runners can attempt to advance bases.
Caught Ball: If the ball is caught, the runners must tag up if they wish to advance, just like on any other caught fly ball.
Uncaught Ball: If the ball is not caught, the runners are not forced to advance. They can stay on their base or attempt to advance, but they are no longer protected by the force out situation.

2.1 What Happens if the Infield Fly is Dropped?

If an infield fly is dropped, the ball remains live, and runners are no longer forced to advance. This situation presents several strategic options and potential outcomes:

No Force Out: The force out at the occupied bases is removed the moment the ball is dropped. Runners are no longer obligated to advance to the next base.
Runners’ Choice: Runners can choose to stay at their current base or attempt to advance to the next base.
Risk of Being Tagged Out: If a runner attempts to advance, they can be tagged out by the defensive team. The defense must tag the runner while the runner is not touching a base to record the out.
Strategic Play: Smart baserunning becomes crucial. Runners must assess the situation quickly to determine whether it’s safer to stay put or risk advancing. Factors to consider include the position of the fielders, the speed of the runner, and the number of outs.
Defensive Play: The defense must react quickly to secure the ball and make a play on any advancing runners. Quick, accurate throws are essential to prevent runners from advancing safely.

2.2 Do Runners Have to Tag Up on an Infield Fly?

Yes, runners have to tag up on an infield fly only if the ball is caught. Tagging up is the act of a baserunner returning to the base they were on when a fly ball was caught, and then advancing after the catch.

Here’s a breakdown of the tagging up rules related to the infield fly:

Caught Infield Fly: If the infield fly is caught, the runners must tag up if they wish to advance to the next base. This is the same as any other caught fly ball.
Uncaught Infield Fly: If the infield fly is not caught, the runners do not need to tag up. They can choose to stay on their base or attempt to advance without tagging up, but they do so at their own risk of being tagged out.

2.3 What Strategies Can Runners Use During an Infield Fly?

During an infield fly situation, runners can employ various strategies depending on the circumstances, such as the number of outs, the position of the fielders, and their own speed and agility. The key is to be alert and make quick decisions.

Here are some strategies runners can use:

Assess the Fielders: Before the pitch, runners should assess the positions of the infielders. Knowing where the fielders are positioned can help runners anticipate where the ball is likely to be hit and how quickly the fielders can react.
Anticipate the Drop: If the infield fly is dropped, runners should be ready to react immediately. They should anticipate the possibility of the drop and be prepared to advance if the opportunity arises.
Aggressive Baserunning: With fewer than two outs, runners might take a more aggressive approach. They may attempt to advance on a dropped ball, especially if it allows them to get into scoring position.
Cautious Baserunning: With two outs, runners are more likely to stay put or only advance if the ball is clearly mishandled. The risk of being tagged out to end the inning is too great to take unnecessary chances.
Communicate: Runners should communicate with each other to coordinate their actions. For example, the runner on first might call out whether they plan to stay or go, helping the runner on second make a more informed decision.
Consider the Score: The current score of the game can influence baserunning decisions. If the team is trailing, runners might take more risks to score. If the team is leading, they might play it safer to avoid unnecessary outs.

3. Common Misconceptions About the Infield Fly Rule

There are several common misconceptions about the infield fly rule that can lead to confusion among players and fans alike. Clearing up these misunderstandings is essential for a better understanding of baseball.

3.1 The Infield Fly Rule is Always Called on Any Pop-Up

This is a common misconception. The infield fly rule is not automatically called on every pop-up in the infield. It only applies when specific conditions are met:

Runners on Base: There must be runners on first and second, or first, second, and third.
Number of Outs: There must be fewer than two outs.
Ordinary Effort: The fly ball must be catchable by an infielder with ordinary effort.
Fair Ball: The ball must be a fair ball.

If any of these conditions are not met, the infield fly rule does not apply, and the play continues like any other fly ball.

3.2 Runners Cannot Advance When the Infield Fly is Called

Another misconception is that runners are automatically held at their bases when the infield fly is called.

While the batter is automatically out, the ball is still live. Runners can advance, but they do so at their own risk. If the ball is caught, runners must tag up to advance, just like on any other fly ball. If the ball is dropped, runners are not forced to advance and can choose to stay or run, risking being tagged out.

3.3 The Infield Fly Rule is Only for Inexperienced Players

Some believe that the infield fly rule is primarily a rule for amateur or inexperienced players.

The infield fly rule applies to all levels of baseball, from youth leagues to professional games, including Major League Baseball (MLB). While the rule might seem more relevant in lower leagues where fielding errors are more common, it remains an integral part of the game at all levels.

3.4 The Infield Fly Rule Creates a Dead Ball Situation

This is a significant misunderstanding. The infield fly rule does not create a dead ball situation. The ball remains live, and runners can advance at their own risk.

4. Examples of the Infield Fly Rule in Action

Understanding the infield fly rule can be enhanced by looking at practical examples of how it plays out in real game situations.

4.1 Example 1: Classic Infield Fly

Situation: There are runners on first and second with one out. The batter hits a pop-up directly above the second baseman.
Umpire’s Call: The umpire immediately calls, “Infield fly, if fair!”
Outcome: The second baseman catches the ball. The batter is out due to the infield fly rule. The runners on first and second must tag up if they want to advance. The ball remains live.

4.2 Example 2: Infield Fly Dropped

Situation: Bases are loaded with no outs. The batter hits a pop-up that the shortstop moves toward but hesitates, and the ball drops untouched.
Umpire’s Call: The umpire calls, “Infield fly, if fair!”
Outcome: The batter is out. However, because the ball was dropped, the runners are no longer forced to advance. They can stay at their bases or attempt to advance, but they risk being tagged out. The ball remains live.

4.3 Example 3: No Infield Fly Due to Extraordinary Effort

Situation: Runners are on first and second with one out. The batter hits a pop-up that goes high and deep into the infield. The shortstop has to run a considerable distance and make a diving catch.
Umpire’s Call: The umpire does not call an infield fly because the catch requires extraordinary effort.
Outcome: The shortstop catches the ball. The batter is out, and the runners on first and second must tag up if they want to advance. The play is treated as a regular fly ball.

4.4 Example 4: Infield Fly Called Foul

Situation: Runners are on first and second with one out. The batter hits a pop-up that starts fair but drifts foul before being touched.
Umpire’s Call: The umpire initially calls, “Infield fly, if fair!” but then sees the ball drifting foul and calls, “Foul ball! Infield fly is off!”
Outcome: The ball is foul. The batter is not out, and the runners return to their original bases. The count continues as usual.

4.5 Example 5: Runner Hit by Batted Ball

Situation: Bases are loaded with one out. The batter hits an infield fly. The runner on first base is struck by the batted ball while standing on the base.
Umpire’s Call: The umpire calls, “Infield fly, if fair!”
Outcome: The batter is out due to the infield fly rule. However, according to Rule 7.08(f), the runner is NOT out because they are protected while touching the base when hit by a fair batted ball under the Infield Fly Rule.

5. How the Infield Fly Rule Affects Game Strategy

The infield fly rule significantly impacts game strategy, influencing decisions made by both offensive and defensive teams.

5.1 Offensive Strategies

Baserunning Aggressiveness: Runners must be alert and ready to react based on whether the ball is caught or dropped. With fewer than two outs, aggressive baserunning can be advantageous if the ball is dropped, allowing runners to advance and potentially score.
Situational Awareness: Runners need to be aware of the game situation, including the score, the number of outs, and the positioning of the fielders. This awareness helps them make informed decisions about whether to stay put or attempt to advance.
Communication: Clear communication between baserunners is crucial. Runners should communicate their intentions to avoid confusion and ensure coordinated actions.

5.2 Defensive Strategies

Fielding Positioning: Defensive positioning can influence whether the infield fly rule is likely to be called. For example, if infielders are playing deep, it may be less likely that a pop-up will be deemed catchable with ordinary effort.
Communication: Infielders must communicate with each other to ensure that someone takes responsibility for catching the ball. Miscommunication can lead to the ball dropping, which can create opportunities for the offensive team.
Intentional Drop Consideration: In rare situations, the defense might consider intentionally dropping the ball, but this is a risky strategy. The defense must weigh the potential benefits against the risk of allowing runners to advance.
Awareness of Runner Positioning: Knowing the speed and capabilities of the baserunners can influence how aggressively the defense plays the ball. For example, against faster runners, the defense might prioritize securing the out to prevent them from advancing.

5.3 Managerial Decisions

Late-Game Strategy: The infield fly rule can be particularly relevant in late-game situations where every run counts. Managers must make strategic decisions about whether to play aggressively or conservatively, depending on the score and the number of outs.
Defensive Substitutions: Managers might make defensive substitutions to improve their team’s fielding capabilities, especially in situations where the infield fly rule is likely to come into play.
Pitching Strategy: Pitchers may adjust their approach to avoid inducing easy pop-ups that could lead to an infield fly situation. They might focus on getting ground balls or strikeouts instead.

6. Notable Infield Fly Rule Controversies

The infield fly rule, while designed to ensure fair play, has been the center of several controversies in baseball history. These incidents often spark heated debates among players, coaches, and fans.

6.1 The 2012 NL Wild Card Game

One of the most famous infield fly rule controversies occurred during the 2012 National League Wild Card Game between the Atlanta Braves and the St. Louis Cardinals. In the bottom of the eighth inning, with the score 6-3 in favor of the Cardinals, the Braves had runners on first and second with one out.

Braves batter Andrelton Simmons hit a high pop-up near the left-field line. Cardinals shortstop Pete Kozma moved toward the ball, and left fielder Matt Holliday also converged. Umpire Sam Holbrook called “Infield fly, if fair!” while the ball was still in the air. Kozma caught the ball, but because Holbrook had already called the infield fly, Simmons was automatically out.

The controversy arose because it appeared that the left fielder, Matt Holliday, could have made the catch, suggesting that the ball was not catchable with ordinary effort by an infielder. Additionally, the Braves argued that the call was confusing because the ball landed in shallow left field, typically the responsibility of the outfielder. The Braves went on to lose the game, adding to the frustration and anger over the call.

6.2 Impact and Aftermath

The controversial call had significant implications:

Braves’ Loss: The Braves lost the game, ending their season.
Umpire Safety: Umpire Sam Holbrook required a police escort out of the stadium due to the intense reaction from Braves fans.
Rule Debate: The incident reignited debates about the clarity and application of the infield fly rule. Many argued that the rule should be reviewed and potentially revised to avoid similar controversies in the future.
Fan Outrage: Braves fans expressed their outrage through social media and various platforms, questioning the fairness of the call and its impact on the game.

6.3 Other Notable Controversies

While the 2012 NL Wild Card Game is the most well-known, other infield fly rule controversies have occurred throughout baseball history. These incidents typically involve disputes over whether the ball was catchable with ordinary effort or whether the umpire’s call was made correctly.

7. The Official Wording of the Infield Fly Rule

To fully understand the infield fly rule, it’s essential to refer to the official wording as defined in the Official Baseball Rules. The primary reference is Rule 2.00 (Definition of Terms), which includes the definition of an “Infield Fly.”

According to Rule 2.00:

An INFIELD FLY is a fair fly ball (not including a line drive or a bunt) which can be caught by an infielder with ordinary effort, when first and second, or first, second and third bases are occupied before two are out.

Additional points to consider:

Umpire Judgment: The rule requires the umpire to make a judgment call on whether the ball can be caught with ordinary effort. This subjective element can lead to disagreements and controversies.
Purpose of the Rule: The rule aims to prevent the defense from intentionally dropping an easily catchable ball to create a double play or force out.
Batter is Out: If an infield fly is called, the batter is automatically out, regardless of whether the ball is caught.
Ball is Live: The ball remains live, and runners can advance at their own risk.

8. Resources for Learning More About Baseball Rules

To deepen your understanding of baseball rules, including the infield fly rule, numerous resources are available. Here are some of the best options:

8.1 Official Rule Book

MLB Official Rulebook: The most authoritative source is the Official Baseball Rules published by Major League Baseball (MLB). This rulebook contains all the rules of the game, including detailed explanations and interpretations.

8.2 Online Resources

MLB.com: The official website of Major League Baseball offers a rules section with explanations, videos, and FAQs.
USA Baseball: USA Baseball provides resources for youth leagues, including rulebooks, training materials, and safety guidelines.
NFHS: The National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) offers rulebooks and resources for high school baseball.

8.3 Books

Baseball for Dummies by Joe Morgan: A comprehensive guide that covers all aspects of baseball, including the rules.
The Dickson Baseball Dictionary by Paul Dickson: An extensive dictionary of baseball terms and jargon, including detailed explanations of the rules.
Total Baseball, Edited by John Thorn et al: A comprehensive encyclopedia of baseball history, statistics, and rules.

8.4 Videos and Tutorials

YouTube: Many channels offer video explanations of baseball rules, including the infield fly rule. Look for channels that provide clear, concise explanations with visual examples.
MLB Network: The MLB Network often airs segments that explain and analyze baseball rules.

8.5 Seminars and Clinics

Umpire Associations: Local and national umpire associations offer seminars and clinics on baseball rules and umpiring techniques.
Coaching Clinics: Various organizations offer coaching clinics that cover baseball rules and strategies.

9. Understanding the Roles of Umpires in Enforcing the Infield Fly Rule

Umpires play a crucial role in enforcing the infield fly rule, and their decisions can significantly impact the outcome of a game. Understanding their responsibilities and how they interpret the rule is essential for appreciating the game.

9.1 Responsibilities of the Umpire

Recognizing the Situation: The umpire must quickly recognize when the conditions for the infield fly rule are met. This includes noting the number of outs, the position of the runners, and the nature of the batted ball.
Making the Call: If the umpire determines that the infield fly rule applies, they must make a clear and loud announcement, typically saying, “Infield fly, if fair!” This call alerts the players and coaches that the batter is automatically out.
Determining Ordinary Effort: One of the most challenging aspects of enforcing the infield fly rule is determining whether a batted ball can be caught by an infielder with ordinary effort. This requires the umpire to assess the fielder’s position, speed, and skill level, as well as the trajectory and speed of the ball.
Ensuring Fair Play: The umpire must ensure that the rule is applied fairly and consistently. This means making unbiased judgments and avoiding any actions that could give one team an unfair advantage.
Handling Disputes: If players or coaches disagree with the umpire’s call, the umpire must be prepared to explain the ruling and defend their decision. They must remain calm and professional, even in the face of intense criticism.

9.2 Challenges in Enforcing the Rule

Subjectivity: The “ordinary effort” criterion is subjective, which can lead to disagreements. What one umpire considers ordinary effort, another might not.
Speed of the Game: Baseball is a fast-paced game, and umpires must make quick decisions under pressure. This can increase the likelihood of errors.
Angle and Perspective: The umpire’s angle and perspective can affect their ability to accurately judge whether a ball can be caught with ordinary effort.
Complex Scenarios: The infield fly rule can be complex, and umpires must be prepared to handle a wide range of scenarios.

9.3 Training and Qualifications

Umpire Schools: Aspiring umpires can attend umpire schools to learn the rules of baseball and develop their umpiring skills. These schools provide intensive training and evaluation.
Certification Programs: Various organizations offer certification programs for umpires. These programs typically involve written exams, field evaluations, and ongoing training.
Experience: Experience is essential for becoming a successful umpire. Umpires typically start by officiating games at lower levels and gradually work their way up to higher levels.

10. FAQs About the Infield Fly Rule

Here are some frequently asked questions about the infield fly rule:

10.1 What Exactly is the Infield Fly Rule?

The infield fly rule is a rule in baseball that prevents the defense from purposely dropping an easily catchable ball in order to get a force out or double play. It applies when there are runners on first and second, or first, second, and third with less than two outs.

10.2 When Does the Infield Fly Rule Apply?

The infield fly rule applies when there are runners on first and second, or first, second, and third with less than two outs, and the batted ball is a fair fly ball that can be caught by an infielder with ordinary effort.

10.3 When is the Infield Fly Rule Not in Effect?

The infield fly rule is not in effect when there are two outs, no runners on first and second, or first, second, and third, or if the batted ball is a line drive or a bunt.

10.4 What Does “Ordinary Effort” Mean?

“Ordinary effort” refers to the effort an infielder would typically exert to catch a routine fly ball. It does not include extraordinary plays such as diving catches or running a long distance.

10.5 Who Makes the Call for an Infield Fly?

The umpire makes the call for an infield fly. Typically, it’s the base umpire who has the best view of the play.

10.6 What Happens When the Umpire Calls “Infield Fly”?

When the umpire calls “Infield fly,” the batter is automatically out, regardless of whether the ball is caught.

10.7 Can Runners Advance When an Infield Fly is Called?

Yes, runners can advance when an infield fly is called, but they do so at their own risk. If the ball is caught, they must tag up to advance. If it is dropped, they are not forced to advance.

10.8 Does the Infield Fly Rule Create a Dead Ball?

No, the infield fly rule does not create a dead ball. The ball remains live, and runners can advance at their own risk.

10.9 What Happens if an Infield Fly is Dropped?

If an infield fly is dropped, the ball remains live, and runners are no longer forced to advance. They can choose to stay at their base or attempt to advance, risking being tagged out.

10.10 Is the Infield Fly Rule Used in Professional Baseball?

Yes, the infield fly rule is used in professional baseball, including Major League Baseball (MLB), as well as in amateur leagues.

The infield fly rule is a nuanced yet essential aspect of baseball, designed to prevent unfair defensive plays and ensure the game’s integrity. While it may seem confusing at first, understanding its key elements, applications, and strategic implications can significantly enhance your appreciation for the sport. By knowing when the rule applies, how it affects runners and fielders, and the common misconceptions surrounding it, you’ll be better equipped to follow and enjoy the game at all levels.

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