Have you ever wondered, as the chill of winter sets in, whether ducks truly embark on a journey south for warmer climates? As an outreach biologist, I often encounter this question, especially when I describe my involvement in the midwinter waterfowl survey for the North Dakota Game and Fish Department. It might seem counterintuitive to count waterfowl in the heart of winter, particularly in a northern state like North Dakota. The immediate question from many is simply, “Why?”
The concise answer is that this survey extends far beyond North Dakota’s borders. It’s a comprehensive, nationwide effort to monitor various goose species, providing crucial insights into their migration patterns, winter habitats, food sources, and overall population dynamics. This isn’t just a local headcount; it’s a vital piece of a larger continental puzzle.
This annual midwinter waterfowl survey, conducted during the first week of January across all 50 states, holds the distinction of being the longest-running coordinated migratory bird survey in North America. Its origins trace back to 1935, initiated to estimate continental waterfowl populations at a time when breeding ground surveys were not yet established. Even today, surveying certain Arctic-nesting goose species during breeding season remains challenging due to the remote and inaccessible nature of their breeding grounds.
Early January presents a unique window. By this time, the vast majority of geese, ducks, and swans across the continent have congregated in more accessible locations. While the southern reaches of the Red River Valley might not host large numbers, any area with open water is likely to harbor at least a few waterfowl for observation and counting.
However, venturing westward in North Dakota reveals a different picture. Areas with open water, particularly the Missouri River below Garrison Dam, Nelson Lake, and sometimes Lake Sakakawea, can hold surprisingly large numbers of geese even in January.
This year’s midwinter survey conducted by the Game and Fish Department estimated approximately 90,000 Canada geese within North Dakota. A significant portion, around 50,000, were observed along the Missouri River, with an additional 17,500 on Lake Sakakawea, which still retained substantial open water in its lower portion during early January.
Alt text: Aerial view of a large flock of Canada geese gathered in open water during a midwinter waterfowl survey, showcasing wintering waterfowl habitat.
Furthermore, Nelson Lake in Oliver County accounted for approximately 22,500 Canada geese, as reported by Game and Fish migratory game bird biologist Andy Dinges. Dinges also noted that the statewide tally included an additional 4,200 mallards, with the majority observed at Nelson Lake.
Comparing these figures to the 10-year average for the midwinter survey in North Dakota reveals interesting trends. The 10-year average stands at 100,500 Canada geese and 22,000 mallards. Over the same period, the Canada goose count has fluctuated significantly, reaching a high of 223,000 and a low of just 9,700.
While occasional snow geese might mingle with Canada geese, tundra swans are rarely encountered during North Dakota’s midwinter survey.
As a biologist, witnessing hardy mallards thriving in winter conditions is always a rewarding experience. Observing them feeding on leftover field corn and dabbling in pockets of open water near the Red River’s rock rapids is a testament to their resilience.
Alt text: Mallard ducks swimming in a patch of open water surrounded by ice in winter, illustrating duck adaptation to cold weather.
In a way, these ducks and geese that choose to remain in North Dakota throughout the winter embody a kindred spirit. They possess the innate ability to migrate south to escape the harsh conditions, yet, much like many of us, they choose to stay, adapting and finding sustenance in their familiar environment. This midwinter waterfowl survey not only provides valuable data but also offers a glimpse into the remarkable adaptability of wildlife and their intricate relationship with their surroundings, even in the depths of winter.
