Which Airlines Fly the Boeing 737 MAX: A Comprehensive Guide?

Are you curious about Who Flies Boeing 737 Max aircraft? At flyermedia.net, we provide a comprehensive overview of airlines operating this advanced jet, ensuring you’re well-informed about global aviation trends and the use of modern aircraft in commercial flights. Understanding which airlines use the Boeing 737 MAX can help you make informed travel choices and stay updated on aviation news. Dive in to explore the operators of this aircraft and stay informed with aviation insights, air travel updates, and airline fleet details, all available at flyermedia.net.

1. What Airlines in the United States Fly the Boeing 737 MAX?

Several major US airlines incorporate the Boeing 737 MAX into their fleets.

Alaska Airlines, American Airlines, United Airlines, and Southwest Airlines all include the Boeing 737 MAX in their operational fleets. This leaves a number of US carriers that do not currently operate the Boeing 737 MAX.

Here’s a list of US airlines that do not fly the Boeing 737 MAX:

  • Allegiant Air
  • Delta Air Lines
  • Frontier Airlines
  • Avelo Airlines
  • Hawaiian Airlines
  • JetBlue
  • Spirit Airlines
  • Sun Country Airlines

It’s worth noting that Allegiant Air has 50 Boeing 737 MAX orders, with deliveries expected to commence. Delta Air Lines also has 100 orders for the Boeing 737 MAX, with deliveries set to begin later. According to research from Boeing, in July 2025, P provides Y.

2. Which European Airlines Don’t Operate the Boeing 737 MAX?

Many European airlines operate the Boeing 737 MAX, but several prominent carriers do not include it in their fleets.

Ryanair, Enter Air, Blue Air, Icelandair, Norwegian, Smartwings, SunExpress, TAROM, TUI, and Turkish Airlines all utilize the Boeing 737 MAX. However, several other top 30 European airlines have opted not to use this model.

Here’s a list of European airlines that don’t fly the Boeing 737 MAX:

  • Air Europa
  • Lufthansa
  • Air France
  • KLM
  • British Airways
  • Iberia
  • Aeroflot
  • easyJet
  • Wizz Air
  • Pegasus Airlines
  • S7 Airlines
  • SAS Scandinavian Airlines
  • ITA Airways
  • Ural Airlines
  • Aegean Airlines
  • UTair Aviation
  • TAP Air Portugal
  • Volotea
  • Finnair
  • Nordwind Airlines
  • Jet2
  • Azur Air
  • UIA
  • AirBaltic
  • Air Astana

Ural Airlines has 14 orders for the Boeing 737 MAX. UTair Aviation has 30 orders, but delivery dates have yet to be confirmed. Stay informed with flyermedia.net for the latest updates on airline fleet compositions and aviation news.

3. What African Airlines Do Not Include the Boeing 737 MAX in Their Fleets?

Several airlines across Africa operate the Boeing 737 MAX.

Air Peace, Arik Air, Comair, Ethiopian Airlines, Mauritiana Airlines, and Royal Air Maroc all use the Boeing 737 MAX. However, many of Africa’s largest airlines do not operate this aircraft.

Here’s a list of African airlines that don’t fly the Boeing 737 MAX:

  • South African Airways
  • EgyptAir
  • Air Algérie
  • Tunisair
  • Kenya Airways
  • Air Mauritius
  • Libyan Airlines
  • Comair

4. Which Asian Airlines Don’t Fly the Boeing 737 MAX?

Many airlines in Asia have integrated the Boeing 737 MAX into their fleets.

9Air, Air China, China Eastern, China Southern, Donghai Airlines, flydubai, Garuda Indonesia, Hainan Airlines, Jeju Air, Korean Air, Lion Air, Malaysia Airlines, Nok Air, Okay Airways, Oman Air, Qatar Airways, Ruili Airlines, Shandong Airlines, Shenzhen Airlines, SilkAir, Singapore Airlines, SpiceJet, VietJet Air, and XiamenAir all fly the Boeing 737 MAX.

Here’s a list of Asia’s most popular airlines that don’t fly the Boeing 737 MAX:

  • IndiGo
  • AirAsia
  • Emirates
  • All Nippon Airways
  • Japan Airlines
  • Cathay Pacific
  • Saudia
  • Air India
  • Jet Airways
  • Vietnam Airlines
  • Cebu Pacific
  • Thai Airways International
  • Etihad Airways
  • Asiana Airlines
  • Philippine Airlines
  • Go First
  • EVA Airways

All Nippon Airways has 20 orders for the Boeing 737 MAX, with deliveries expected to begin.

5. Which South American Airlines Avoid the Boeing 737 MAX?

In South America, the use of the Boeing 737 MAX is less widespread.

Aerolíneas Argentinas and GOL are currently the only South American airlines operating the Boeing 737 MAX. Many of South America’s other popular airlines do not use this aircraft.

Here’s a list of South American airlines that don’t use the Boeing 737 MAX:

  • LATAM
  • Avianca
  • Azul
  • Viva Air
  • SKY Airline
  • JetSMART
  • Boliviana
  • Flybondi
  • Satena

6. What Airlines in Oceania Exclude the Boeing 737 MAX?

In Oceania, several airlines include the Boeing 737 MAX in their fleets.

Air Niugini, Virgin Australia, and Fiji Airways all have Boeing 737 MAX planes within their fleets. However, the following popular airlines in Oceania do not include the Boeing 737 MAX in their fleets.

Here’s a list of the most popular airlines in Oceania that don’t have Boeing 737 MAX planes within their fleet:

  • Qantas
  • Air New Zealand
  • Rex Airlines
  • Air Tahiti & Air Tahiti Nui
  • Aircalin

7. Which North American and Central American Airlines (Excluding the US) Don’t Fly the Boeing 737 MAX?

In North America and Central America, several airlines operate the Boeing 737 MAX.

Aeroméxico, Air Canada, Copa Airlines, Caribbean Airlines, Cayman Airways, and WestJet all fly the Boeing 737 MAX.

Here’s a list of the most popular countries in North America and Central America (excluding the US) that don’t fly the Boeing 737 MAX:

  • Volaris
  • VivaAerobus
  • InselAir
  • Air Caraibes
  • Cubana
  • Bahamasair

8. How Does the Boeing 737 MAX Compare to Other Aircraft in Terms of Safety?

The Boeing 737 MAX has faced intense scrutiny regarding its safety record, particularly after two fatal accidents involving Lion Air Flight 610 and Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302. After these incidents, the aircraft was grounded worldwide as investigations revealed critical issues with the Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS). According to the FAA, the MCAS was found to activate erroneously based on faulty sensor data, pushing the aircraft into a steep descent that pilots struggled to correct.

Following extensive reviews and modifications, the Boeing 737 MAX has been recertified by aviation authorities, including the FAA in the United States and EASA in Europe. These updates included significant changes to the MCAS, enhanced pilot training, and improved sensor redundancy. As reported by Boeing, the updated 737 MAX incorporates multiple layers of safety features designed to prevent similar accidents from occurring.

When comparing the 737 MAX to other aircraft, it’s essential to consider both historical data and recent improvements. Older aircraft models like the Boeing 737 NG (Next Generation) series and the Airbus A320 family have established safety records based on decades of operational data. The A320, for example, has a strong safety record supported by advanced flight control systems and comprehensive pilot training programs, as noted by Airbus.

Despite the initial safety concerns, the Boeing 737 MAX has undergone rigorous testing and modifications to meet stringent safety standards. The FAA’s recertification process involved numerous test flights, simulator sessions, and detailed reviews of the aircraft’s systems. These measures aim to ensure that the 737 MAX is as safe as, or safer than, other aircraft in its class.

For the latest safety updates and detailed comparisons, visit reputable aviation news sources. Stay informed about aircraft safety and make informed decisions based on the most current data available.

9. What Factors Do Airlines Consider When Choosing to Fly the Boeing 737 MAX?

Airlines consider several critical factors when deciding whether to include the Boeing 737 MAX in their fleet.

  • Operational Efficiency: The Boeing 737 MAX offers improved fuel efficiency compared to older models. These enhancements allow airlines to reduce operating costs on competitive routes. According to Boeing’s official data, the 737 MAX provides a 14% reduction in fuel consumption, making it an economically attractive option for airlines looking to optimize their bottom line.

  • Range and Capacity: The range of the 737 MAX enables airlines to operate on both domestic and international routes. This range provides versatility in network planning. The 737 MAX family can accommodate a varying number of passengers. This flexibility allows airlines to match capacity with demand on different routes, enhancing profitability and customer satisfaction.

  • Pilot Training and Transition Costs: Airlines must invest in pilot training to operate the 737 MAX. The enhanced training is necessary for pilots to understand and manage the aircraft’s updated systems. Transition costs include simulator training, ground school, and familiarization flights. Airlines weigh these costs against the long-term benefits of operating a more efficient aircraft.

  • Public Perception and Trust: The initial safety concerns surrounding the 737 MAX have impacted public perception. Airlines carefully consider how the public views the aircraft when making fleet decisions. Transparency in safety measures and proactive communication can help rebuild trust and confidence among passengers.

  • Regulatory Compliance: Airlines must comply with aviation regulations to operate the 737 MAX. Compliance includes adhering to airworthiness directives, maintenance schedules, and operational guidelines set forth by aviation authorities. Continuous monitoring and adherence to these regulations are essential for ensuring the safe operation of the aircraft.

For more information, visit flyermedia.net, where you can find more information about aviation regulations and airline operations.

10. What Are the Key Differences Between the Boeing 737 MAX and the Airbus A320neo?

The Boeing 737 MAX and the Airbus A320neo are two of the most popular narrow-body aircraft in the aviation industry, but they have distinct differences.

  • Design Philosophy: The 737 MAX is an evolution of the original Boeing 737 design, while the A320neo is a more modern design. The 737 MAX retains the 737’s characteristic low ground clearance and smaller fuselage diameter. The A320neo incorporates advanced aerodynamics and a wider cabin.

  • Engine Technology: The 737 MAX is powered by CFM International LEAP-1B engines, optimized for fuel efficiency. The A320neo offers two engine options: the Pratt & Whitney PW1100G and the CFM International LEAP-1A, providing airlines with flexibility.

  • Cabin Experience: The A320neo typically offers a slightly wider cabin, providing passengers with more personal space. The 737 MAX features the Boeing Sky Interior, enhancing the passenger experience with modern lighting and spacious overhead bins.

  • Operational Performance: The 737 MAX and A320neo offer similar range capabilities, allowing airlines to operate on various routes. The 737 MAX has a shorter takeoff distance, making it suitable for airports with shorter runways.

  • Flight Controls: The A320neo features a fly-by-wire system. The 737 MAX retains a more traditional control system with enhancements.

11. How Has the Grounding and Recertification of the Boeing 737 MAX Affected the Aviation Industry?

The grounding and recertification of the Boeing 737 MAX have had significant effects on the aviation industry.

  • Airline Operations: The grounding of the 737 MAX disrupted airline operations. Airlines had to cancel flights, adjust schedules, and lease temporary aircraft to cover routes. According to IATA (International Air Transport Association), the grounding resulted in billions of dollars in losses for airlines worldwide.

  • Manufacturer Reputation: The crisis damaged Boeing’s reputation and led to increased scrutiny of its aircraft development and certification processes. Boeing implemented changes in its engineering and safety oversight to address the issues.

  • Regulatory Oversight: The FAA and other aviation authorities faced criticism for their initial certification of the 737 MAX. The incident prompted a review of regulatory processes. Enhanced oversight and collaboration among international aviation authorities are expected.

  • Passenger Confidence: The grounding affected passenger confidence in air travel, particularly on the 737 MAX. Airlines and Boeing have worked to rebuild trust by communicating the safety enhancements and recertification process.

  • Supply Chain Impacts: The grounding impacted the aviation supply chain. Suppliers of parts and components for the 737 MAX experienced production slowdowns and financial challenges. The recovery of the 737 MAX has gradually revitalized the supply chain.

For more details, visit flyermedia.net to learn about the latest developments in aviation and aerospace.

12. What Training Do Pilots Undergo to Fly the Boeing 737 MAX After Recertification?

Following the recertification of the Boeing 737 MAX, pilots undergo comprehensive training to ensure they are fully prepared to operate the aircraft safely. This training includes several key components:

  • Simulator Training: Pilots receive extensive simulator training to familiarize themselves with the updated MCAS and other enhanced systems. The simulator sessions focus on various scenarios. Pilots practice responding to potential malfunctions and emergency situations.

  • Differences Training: Pilots who have previously flown the Boeing 737 NG (Next Generation) undergo differences training to learn about the specific features and operational characteristics of the 737 MAX. This training covers the new engine technology, flight controls, and cockpit displays.

  • Ground School: Pilots attend ground school sessions to review the technical aspects of the 737 MAX. Ground school includes in-depth discussions of the MCAS, flight management systems, and emergency procedures.

  • Flight Manual Updates: Pilots receive updated flight manuals with detailed information about the 737 MAX. These manuals include revised checklists, performance data, and operational guidelines.

  • Recurrent Training: Airlines implement recurrent training programs to ensure pilots maintain proficiency in operating the 737 MAX. Recurrent training includes regular simulator sessions, knowledge assessments, and review of safety procedures.

According to the FAA, the updated training requirements are designed to address the specific issues identified during the investigations of the 737 MAX accidents. The enhanced training is a critical component of the aircraft’s recertification and return to service.

13. How Can Passengers Identify if Their Flight Will Be on a Boeing 737 MAX?

Passengers can take several steps to identify whether their flight will be operated on a Boeing 737 MAX.

  • Check the Aircraft Type: When booking a flight, review the flight details to see the aircraft type listed. This information is typically available on the airline’s website. Travel booking platforms also provide details about the aircraft model.

  • Contact the Airline: If the aircraft type is not specified during booking, contact the airline directly to inquire about the aircraft operating the flight. Airline customer service representatives can provide this information.

  • Use Flight Tracking Websites: Flight tracking websites and apps provide real-time information about flights, including the aircraft type. These platforms use data from aviation sources to track flights.

  • Look for Seat Maps: Airlines often provide seat maps. The seat maps can provide clues about the aircraft type. The configuration of the seats may indicate whether the flight is operated on a 737 MAX or another aircraft model.

  • Read Aviation News: Stay informed about airlines’ fleet operations by reading aviation news. Aviation publications provide updates on which airlines are flying the 737 MAX.

14. What Safety Features Have Been Added to the Boeing 737 MAX Since Recertification?

Since the recertification of the Boeing 737 MAX, several safety features and enhancements have been added to address the issues.

  • MCAS Enhancements: The MCAS has been redesigned to prevent erroneous activations. The updated system now relies on data from multiple sensors. The MCAS will activate only if there is a consensus among the sensors, according to Boeing.

  • Pilot Alerting Systems: New pilot alerting systems have been installed to provide clear and timely warnings in case of malfunctions. These systems alert pilots to potential issues and provide guidance on how to respond.

  • Angle of Attack (AOA) Monitoring: The AOA sensors are continuously monitored to ensure accuracy. The pilots are alerted to discrepancies. The AOA disagree alert helps pilots identify potential sensor failures.

  • Flight Control System Updates: The flight control system has been updated. The updates enhance the aircraft’s handling characteristics and improve the pilot’s ability to control the aircraft in various flight conditions.

  • Enhanced Pilot Training: Pilots undergo enhanced training programs to familiarize themselves with the updated systems and procedures. The training includes simulator sessions that simulate potential malfunctions.

15. What Are Some Common Misconceptions About the Boeing 737 MAX?

Several misconceptions about the Boeing 737 MAX have persisted since its initial grounding.

  • The MCAS is the Only Problem: The MCAS was a significant factor in the 737 MAX accidents. Other issues related to pilot training, sensor reliability, and flight control systems also contributed. The recertification process addressed multiple aspects.

  • The Aircraft is Inherently Unsafe: The 737 MAX has undergone rigorous testing and modifications. The aviation authorities have certified it as safe.

  • Pilots Are Not Adequately Trained: Pilots undergo comprehensive training programs. These programs ensure they are fully prepared to operate the 737 MAX safely. The training includes simulator sessions and ground school.

  • All 737 MAX Aircraft Are the Same: The 737 MAX family includes different variants, each with varying capabilities and configurations. Airlines tailor the aircraft to meet their operational needs.

  • The Aircraft Is Not Being Monitored: Aviation authorities continuously monitor the 737 MAX. Regular inspections, maintenance checks, and operational data analysis ensure the aircraft continues to meet safety standards.

16. What Role Does the FAA Play in Ensuring the Safety of the Boeing 737 MAX?

The FAA plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety of the Boeing 737 MAX through various oversight and regulatory activities.

  • Certification Process: The FAA oversees the certification process for new aircraft. The certification process includes rigorous testing, inspections, and reviews of the aircraft’s design. The FAA ensures the aircraft meets all safety standards.

  • Airworthiness Directives: The FAA issues airworthiness directives (ADs) to address known safety issues with aircraft. The ADs mandate specific actions that operators must take to ensure continued safety. The FAA issued ADs related to the 737 MAX.

  • Oversight and Inspections: The FAA conducts regular oversight and inspections of airlines. The oversight and inspections ensure they comply with safety regulations and maintenance requirements.

  • Collaboration with International Authorities: The FAA collaborates with international aviation authorities to harmonize safety standards and share information. This collaboration ensures a consistent approach to aviation safety worldwide.

According to the FAA, its primary mission is to ensure the safety of civil aviation in the United States. The FAA’s oversight of the 737 MAX is part of its broader effort to maintain the highest levels of aviation safety.

17. How Do Airlines Maintain the Boeing 737 MAX to Ensure Continued Safety?

Airlines maintain the Boeing 737 MAX through comprehensive maintenance programs designed to ensure continued safety and operational reliability. These programs include several key elements:

  • Regular Inspections: The 737 MAX undergoes regular inspections to identify potential issues. The inspections include visual checks, functional tests, and detailed examinations of critical components.

  • Scheduled Maintenance: Airlines follow scheduled maintenance programs based on the aircraft’s operating hours. The scheduled maintenance involves replacing parts, lubricating components, and performing system checks.

  • Component Overhaul: Critical components undergo overhaul at specified intervals. The overhaul involves disassembling, inspecting, repairing, and reassembling the components to ensure they meet performance standards.

  • Software Updates: The 737 MAX receives regular software updates. The software updates enhance the aircraft’s systems and address potential vulnerabilities.

  • Data Monitoring: Airlines continuously monitor the aircraft’s performance data. The data monitoring helps identify trends, detect anomalies, and predict maintenance needs.

  • Adherence to Airworthiness Directives: Airlines comply with airworthiness directives issued by aviation authorities. The compliance ensures the aircraft meets all safety requirements.

These maintenance practices are essential for maintaining the airworthiness of the Boeing 737 MAX. According to industry standards, consistent adherence to these programs helps ensure the continued safe operation of the aircraft.

18. What Are the Benefits of Flying on a Boeing 737 MAX?

Flying on a Boeing 737 MAX offers several benefits for passengers.

  • Fuel Efficiency: The 737 MAX is designed to be more fuel-efficient. The improved fuel efficiency translates to lower operating costs for airlines. It also contributes to reduced emissions.

  • Modern Cabin: The 737 MAX features the Boeing Sky Interior. The Boeing Sky Interior enhances the passenger experience with modern lighting, spacious overhead bins, and comfortable seating.

  • Quieter Flights: The 737 MAX incorporates noise-reduction technology. The noise-reduction technology makes flights quieter for passengers and communities near airports.

  • Extended Range: The 737 MAX offers an extended range. The range allows airlines to operate on longer routes and connect more destinations.

  • Advanced Technology: The 737 MAX incorporates advanced technology. This technology enhances safety, performance, and operational efficiency.

These advantages make flying on a Boeing 737 MAX a comfortable experience. According to passenger reviews, the improved cabin environment and quieter flights.

19. How Is the Aviation Industry Working to Prevent Future Incidents Similar to the 737 MAX Accidents?

The aviation industry is working on various initiatives to prevent future incidents similar to the 737 MAX accidents.

  • Enhanced Pilot Training: Enhanced pilot training programs are being implemented to improve pilots’ skills.

  • Improved Aircraft Design: Aircraft manufacturers are focusing on designing safer and more reliable aircraft systems. These include redundancy in critical systems.

  • Strengthened Regulatory Oversight: Aviation authorities are strengthening regulatory oversight to ensure aircraft meet safety standards. These include independent reviews and increased scrutiny.

  • Increased Collaboration: Increased collaboration among aviation stakeholders ensures a coordinated approach to safety.

  • Advanced Technology: Advanced technology is being used to enhance safety. The use of advanced technology includes data analytics, predictive maintenance, and automated systems.

  • Safety Culture: Airlines are promoting a strong safety culture. It encourages open communication and continuous improvement.

According to industry reports, these efforts aim to create a more robust and resilient aviation system. A stronger aviation system is better equipped to prevent future accidents.

20. Where Can I Find More Information About the Boeing 737 MAX and Aviation Safety?

To find more information about the Boeing 737 MAX and aviation safety, several resources are available.

  • Flyermedia.net: Flyermedia.net offers articles about the Boeing 737 MAX and aviation safety. The articles provide insights into the aircraft’s features, safety enhancements, and operational aspects.

  • Aviation News: Aviation news provide up-to-date information on the Boeing 737 MAX and other aviation topics.

  • Official Aviation Authorities: Official aviation authorities offer information about the Boeing 737 MAX and aviation safety. The authorities provide detailed reports and safety recommendations.

  • Airline Websites: Airline websites provide information about their fleets, including details about the Boeing 737 MAX. The sites often include information about the aircraft’s features.

  • Academic Research: Academic research provide in-depth analysis. The analysis examines safety, design, and operational aspects of the aircraft.

By accessing these resources, aviation enthusiasts can stay informed about the Boeing 737 MAX. They can also learn about the safety aspects of air travel.

FAQ: Boeing 737 MAX

  1. Which US airlines currently fly the Boeing 737 MAX?
    Alaska Airlines, American Airlines, United Airlines, and Southwest Airlines all include the Boeing 737 MAX in their operational fleets. These major carriers operate the 737 MAX on various domestic and international routes.
  2. Are there any European airlines that don’t use the Boeing 737 MAX?
    Yes, several European airlines do not fly the Boeing 737 MAX, including Lufthansa, Air France, KLM, British Airways, and easyJet.
  3. What caused the initial grounding of the Boeing 737 MAX?
    The Boeing 737 MAX was grounded due to safety concerns following two fatal accidents involving Lion Air Flight 610 and Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302. Investigations revealed issues with the Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS).
  4. What changes were made to the Boeing 737 MAX before it was recertified?
    Before recertification, the Boeing 737 MAX underwent several changes, including redesigning the MCAS, enhancing pilot training, improving sensor redundancy, and updating flight control systems.
  5. How can passengers know if their flight is on a Boeing 737 MAX?
    Passengers can check the aircraft type when booking, contact the airline directly, use flight tracking websites, look for seat maps, and stay informed through aviation news.
  6. What safety features have been added to the Boeing 737 MAX since its recertification?
    Since recertification, the Boeing 737 MAX has added MCAS enhancements, pilot alerting systems, angle of attack (AOA) monitoring, flight control system updates, and enhanced pilot training.
  7. What is the Boeing Sky Interior, and which aircraft features it?
    The Boeing Sky Interior is a modern cabin design featuring enhanced lighting, spacious overhead bins, and comfortable seating, and it is featured on the Boeing 737 MAX aircraft.
  8. How does the fuel efficiency of the Boeing 737 MAX compare to older models?
    The Boeing 737 MAX offers improved fuel efficiency compared to older models, providing a 14% reduction in fuel consumption, making it an economically attractive option for airlines.
  9. What role does the FAA play in ensuring the safety of the Boeing 737 MAX?
    The FAA oversees the certification process, issues airworthiness directives, conducts oversight and inspections, and collaborates with international authorities to ensure the safety of the Boeing 737 MAX.
  10. Where can I find reliable information about aviation safety and the Boeing 737 MAX?
    Reliable information about aviation safety and the Boeing 737 MAX can be found on flyermedia.net, aviation news websites, official aviation authority websites (such as the FAA), airline websites, and academic research publications.

Ready to explore the world of aviation and discover more about the Boeing 737 MAX? Visit flyermedia.net today to access in-depth information, stay updated on the latest aviation news, and find resources for pilot training and career opportunities in the aviation industry. Whether you’re seeking flight school directories, aviation news, or insights into aviation careers, flyermedia.net is your go-to source. Start your journey now and take off with flyermedia.net! Address: 600 S Clyde Morris Blvd, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, United States. Phone: +1 (386) 226-6000.

Comments

No comments yet. Why don’t you start the discussion?

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *